Effusions Flashcards
What type of animals can you get a small amount of fluid from the body cavity in health
Large animals
Fluid collection
Use EDTA tube or red top if you want to culture or do chemical analysis
> 3% of hematocrit
Some sort of hemorrhagic component
Mesothelial cells
Moderate amount of basophilic cytoplasm with single nucleolus and can be single or in sheets. when reactive can look much larger and an eosinophilic fringe
Low protein transudate appearance
Clear to colorless and usually have a TP <2
High protein transudate appearance
Clear to cloudy, yellow to red TP > 0.2
Mechanism of transudate formation
-Increased vascular hydraulic pressure
-Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
-Decrease lymphatic drainage
Not inflammatory
Where do you see high protein transudate
Lungs and the liver. They have permeable capillaries so more proteins can exit causing a high protein fluid. The rest of the body has low permeability so proteins stay in the vasculature
Causes of low protein transudate
-Hypoalbuminemia
-Hepatic cirrhosis
-PLE
-PLn
Causes of high protein transudate
Heart failure
Portal hypertension
Exudate appearance
Hazy to opaque with TP of >2 or 3 and lots of neutrophils
Non septic exudate causes
Neoplasia
Foreign body
Necrotic tissue
Urine
Bile
Septic vs non septic exudate
Septic:
-Maybe intracellular organisms
-Degenerate neutrophils, karyolysis
Non septic:
-Mostly non degenerate neutrophils
-Low number of hypersegmented neutrophils and pyknotic cells
FIP and vasculitis
Typically High TP but a low TNCC. Fluid is usually very yellow and have fibrin clot
-This look different than most exudates because the inflammation is in the vessels causing it to be leaky but the inflammatory cells are not being drawn into the body cavity
Signs of hemorrhagic effusion
Erythrophages or siderophages chronic
usually see platelets as well
