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PHARMACOLOGY > dosage forms or Preparations of Ophthalmic solutions > Flashcards

dosage forms or Preparations of Ophthalmic solutions Flashcards

1
Q

dosage forms or preparations of Ophthalmic solutions:

A

Aqueous Solution (eye drops)

Oily Solution

Colloidal solution

Ointment & cream

Dye impregnated paper strip

Ophthalmic disc or tablet (lamellae)

Ocusert

Therapeutic soft contact lens (TCL) or Bandage SCL

Collagen shields

Spray

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2
Q

normal Tear volume and (basal tear flow):

A

7uL

basal tear flow: 1 uL/min

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3
Q

Tear volume at cul-de-sac:

A

20-30 uL

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4
Q

maximum bioavailability of eyedrops:

A

20 uL

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5
Q

tear turnover/tear outflow at lacrimal passage:

A

non-irritated eye: 15% per min

after 1 eyedrop: 30% per min

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6
Q

80% of eyedrops egress through ______ not into eye

A

Tear ducts

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7
Q

egress of eyedrops through tear ducts can be decreased with:

A

punctal occlusion

decrease from 80% to 65%

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8
Q

interval before the next eyedrop to prevent egress of the medication:

A

5-10 mins

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9
Q

ways to instill ophthalmic solution (eye drops):

A
  1. Tilt the head back and look at the ceiling
  2. Retract the lower eyelid down and away from the eyeball or pinch and retract the lower eyelid
  3. Ask the patient to look upward
  4. Instill one drop into the exposed cul-de-sac. Be sure the TIP should NOT touch the eyelashes/eyelids
  5. Gently close the eyelid for 5 mins
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10
Q

ways to prolong contact time of topical solution:

A
  1. Retract the lower eyelids to create a pocket and increase the capacity of the cul-de-sac
  2. Close the eyes after instillation for 5-10 mins (DO NOT BLINK)
  3. apply pressure on the lacrimal sac
  4. Gently massage the eyeball with close eyelids
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11
Q

ways to instill ophthalmic OINTMENT:

A
  1. pull the lower eyelid down to create a pocket
  2. Place a small ribbon of ointment (about ¼ inch) into cul-de-sac
  3. Close the eyelids for a minute
  4. Eye massage
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12
Q

increases solubility of hydrophilic drugs by altering permeability of corneal epithelial membranes

A

SURFACTANT

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13
Q

determines ionization of a drug

A

pH

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14
Q

ionized portion (water soluble) of solution/drops will be more stable in:

A

Tears and Corneal Stroma

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15
Q

if the pH of the solution is made more basic, it increases:

A

Lipid solubility and Increases Epithelial Penetration

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16
Q

this increases drug contact time on the cornea:

A

Viscosity

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17
Q

a well known contaminants of Fluorescein Dye:

A

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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18
Q

known to invade or contaminant of Home made saline solution:

A

Acanthamoeba

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19
Q

added to solutions/eyedrops to prevent contamination:

A

Preservatives

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20
Q

Increases effectiveness of other preservatives:

A

Chelating Agents (EDTA)

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21
Q

Neutral pH of eyes (Tear film):

A

7 - 7.4 pH

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22
Q

since pH of the Tears is slightly alkaline, many ocular drugs are ______

A

Alkaloids (Weak bases)

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23
Q

helps maintain a comfortable pH:

A

Buffering Agents (weak acid w/ salts)

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24
Q

most common Buffering agent:

A

Boric acid w/ salt

25
Q

relative measure of osmotic pressure between 2 solution:

A

Tonicity

26
Q

Osmosis is movement of water from ______ to ______ concentration of solute

A

LOWER to HIGHER

27
Q

ideal Isotonic solution:

A

0.7% - 1.5% NaCl

or

0.6% - 1.8% NaCl

28
Q

hypotonic solution:

A

< 0.5% hypotonic

29
Q

Hypertonic solution:

A

>2% hypertonic

30
Q

Hypotonic solution is not harmful to ______eyes

it enhances drug corneal penetration

but it is harmful ________

A

External eyes

to Corneal endothelium (Intraocularly)

31
Q

In KCS _____ solution is given if tears are ______

A

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

32
Q

5% NaCl reduces:

A

corneal edema & conjunctival edema

33
Q

10% NaCl causes permanent _______ damage

A

Corneal damage

34
Q

Classes of Preservatives and example:

A

Bacteriostatic - Thimerosal

Bactericidal - BAK

35
Q

mercuric compound and causes sensitivity and BAND keratopathy

A

Thimerosal

36
Q

BAK acts as ______ and ______ agent

A

preservative and wetting agent

37
Q

used with lipid INSOLUBLE drugs

to enhance penetration by breaking corneal barrier

ex: carbachol

A

BAK

38
Q

Limited use because it is rapidly destroyed by water

Examples of Oily solution:

A

Diisoprpyl fluorophosphate DFP

39
Q

Used for delivery of drugs not readily dissolved in water

A

Suspension

40
Q

Example of Suspension drug:

A

Prednisolone acetate

41
Q

made of high viscosity acrylics

slow release drug at steady level at overall lower concentration

less systemic side-effects

A

Gel

42
Q

Examples of Gel:

A

Pilocarpine & Timolol

43
Q

disadvantage of Gel form solution:

A

Blurring of Vision

44
Q

has semi-solid vehicle which is lipid soluble

melts when it comes in contact with the eyes

A

Ointment

45
Q

disadvantage of Ointment:

A

Increase allergic reaction

delay wound healing

Blurring of vision

46
Q

semisolid vehicle which is water miscible

not applied on cul de sac because it will dissolve by tears & wash out

applied on skin of eyelids

A

Cream

47
Q

examples of cream drug:

A

Betamethasone

48
Q

used to prevent pseudomonas infection:

A

Dye Impregnated paper strip

49
Q

rarely used,

placed at inferior cul-de-sac

A

Ophthalmic Tablet or disc (lamellae)

50
Q

preservative free pellet with 5 mg of hydropropyl cellulose

used for mucus tear deficiency

A

Lacrisert

51
Q

small, ovoid, flat of double-layered hydrophilic plastic

encloses the active ingredient of Drug

A

Ocusert

52
Q

Examples of Ocusert:

A

Pilo 20 - releases 20ug/hr. for 7 days

Pilo 40 - releases 40ug/hr. for 7 days

(TREATMENT FOR GLAUCOMA)

53
Q

soft contact lens soaked with drugs:

A

Therapeutic CL - TCL

or

Bandage SCL

54
Q

examples of TCL:

A

NSS

5% NaCl

55
Q

similar to TCL except collagen shields slowly dissolves increasing the concertation of drugs w/n the cornea for 1st few hrs

A

Collagen shields

56
Q

Advantage of TCL and Collagen shields:

A
  1. Act as drug reservoir
  2. Increase contact time (prolong effect)
57
Q

disadvantage of TCL and Collagen shields:

A

Bacteria binds to contact lens - possible ocular infection

58
Q

advantage of Spray as mydriatic or cycloplegic agents:

A

Less irritation

PHARMACOLOGY (40 decks)

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