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Nursing 2nd Spring Semester > Diabetes- EXAM 2 > Flashcards

Diabetes- EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Type 1 DM

A

Characterized by hyperglycemia
Lack of insulin into the cells, body doesn’t produce it; genetic—-> NEED INSULIN
Usually onsets in childhood and adolescents
Genetic predisposition and viral exposure

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2
Q

Risk factors to Type 1 DM

A

Genetic
Occurs to younger population
Thin and unnourished

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3
Q

Manifistations of Type 1 DM

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, Polyphagia= frequent thirst, urination, hunger
Fatigue
Sudden vision changes
Tingling or numbness of feet
Recurrent infection

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4
Q

Diagnostic tests to determine Type 1 DM

A

Fasting plasma glucose test: Over 100 is preDM
Over 126 is DM
Hemoglobin A1C, above 5.7 is DM
Urinalysis for ketones and glycosuria
Urine for protein dipstick

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5
Q

Type 1 DM managment

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Type 2 managment

A

Oral Hypoglycemic agents

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7
Q

Type 2 DM

A

90-95%—-> You are the problem
Pancrease produces insulin but the body doesn’t take it, insulin resistence. Too much insulin.
Glucose hangs out in the body

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8
Q

Type 2 DM risks

A

Obesity, Diet, Genetic components, pre diabetic diagnosis

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9
Q

Type 2 DM manifestations

A

reoccurring infection
Reoccurring heat infection
Prolonged wound healing
Vision changes
Fatigue

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10
Q

Prediabetic lab levels
A1C and FBG

A

5.7% or higher
FBG: 100 to 125 mg/dL or higher

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11
Q

Rapid acting insulin and duration

A

Lispro, Aspart and Glulisine
3-5 hour duration, Onset is 15 min
Same time as you eat
Think move your Ass, Let’s go, Glue dries fast

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12
Q

Short acting Insulin and duration

A

Regular, Clear
5-8 hour duration, onset in 30-60 min
Before meals

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13
Q

Intermediate Acting Insulin and duration

A

NPH, cloudy
20-24 hours, onset in 1-2 hours

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14
Q

Type 2 DM managment meds

A

Metformin is the initial drug of choice but Glipizide swell
M:causes N,V,D, CNS symptoms too, Palpitations and chest discomfort
G: taken 30 min before breakfast, causes: nervousness, anxiety, depression, dizziness and insomnia

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15
Q

Gestational DM

A

Develops during pregnancy from stress, pre-existing DM, altered metabolism due to hormones
Increases risk for C-section

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16
Q

Hydramnios

A

Increased amniotic fluid may be result of increased fluid urination due to fetal hyperglycemia

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17
Q

Preclampsia

A

eclampsia occurs especially when vascular changes are present

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18
Q

Hyperglycemia & SS

A

HOT AND DRY, SUGAR IS HIGH
Sugar above 100
Increased stress=increased glucose
Skipping or not using enough insulin
Increased hunger/thirst/ urination

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19
Q

High risk factors for gestational DM

A

Previous history of GDM
Previously elevated BG
Over 40 years old
Previous macrosomia
Taking antiphycosis and corticosteroid use

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20
Q

Tests done to fetal status of GDM

A

AFP protein done at 16-20 weeks
Monitor fetal activity at 28 weeks
Ultrasound is done at 18 weeks to determine anomalies

21
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis
DKA

A

Associated with Type 1DM
Life threatening, Body produces too many ketones
Insulin deficit, depletion of potassium
Can be triggered by infection, inadequate insulin and CVD
Required immediate medical attention and fluid replacement due to polyuria and vomiting

22
Q

DKA laboratory findings
Symptoms and considerations

A

BG of 250 or higher ( up to 800)
blood pH less then 7.30
Serum bicarbonate lower then 16

Dehydration, Lethargy, Polyuria, Blurred vision, Gastro symptoms, Acetone breath aka fruity, Hyperventilation

Hydrate first! D5W
Then slowly lower sugar, Monitor glucose levels

23
Q

HHS & symptoms

A

Life threatening
Occurs in type 2 diabetics, When blood sugar levels are too high for long period of time; UNMANAGED DIABETES!!!! Sugar is above 600
Like DKA but without the ketones, there’s enough insulin circulating in the body to prevent DKA
Glucose gets into bloodstream and overflows the kidneys causing electrolyte depletion and extreme dehydration
Develops slower then DKA

24
Q

Nursing managment of DKA and HHS

A

Monitor BG levels and ketones
Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance!!!
Increase patient knowledge about diabetes managment
Decrease anxiety
Monitor for fluid overload, hypokalemia and cerebral edema

25
Q

Hypoglycemia & its causes

A

Cool & Clammy, give me some candy
Overuse of glucose, BG less than 70mg/dL
Too much insulin, too little food, delaying time of eating after insulin received or too much exercise

26
Q

Hypoglycemia manifestations

A

Shakiness, Palpitations, Nervousness, Sweating, Diaphoresis, Anxiety, Hunger and Pallor
Altered mental functioning, difficulty speaking, confusion and coma

27
Q

Hypoglycemia treatment

A

Less then 70mg, begin treatment
Rule of 15, consume 15g of simple carb
Fruit juice, 4oz
Recheck glucose level in 15 min
Avoid food with fat, and overtreatment

28
Q

Chronic complications to hypoglycemia

A

Microvascular and Macrovasculat problems
Alterations in mood
Increased susebtability to infections
Complications involving feet

29
Q

Microvascular

A

Damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves (retinopathy,nephropathy,neuropathy)

30
Q

Macrovascular

A

Twice the risk for heart attack and stroke, peripheral vascular disease

31
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Occlusion of small blood vessels in retina that causes micro aneurysms
Can cause retinal displacement

32
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A

Occurs when trauma or disease interrupts intervention of peripheral nerves
Decreased blood flow on constricted areas
Symptoms include numbness and muscle weakness

33
Q

What neuropathy has no known causes

A

Idiopathic neruopathy

34
Q

Peripheral neuropathy manifestations

A

Depends on the nerves involved and the amount of damage
Patients will report aching, burning, feeling and report cold feet or hands

35
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

Patients report feeling as though they are wearing a glove or stocking and pain in the hands, feet and legs
Will have weakness in arms and legs, clumsiness, difficulty walking and maintaining balance

36
Q

Diagnostic tests for PN

A

CBC, Thyroid function tests, Serum levels for B12, Urine screening, Nerve biopsy

37
Q

Diabetic complications involving the feet

A

Sense of touch and perception of pain are absent
Most common trauma include:
cracks, fissures from dry skin
blisters, pressure, ingrown toenails
Foot lesions begin as superficial skin ulcer and can go deeper to muscle,bone

38
Q

Type 1 diabetes results from lack of?
Oxytocin
Cortisol
insulin
Endorphins

A

Insulin

39
Q

Condition when the body has a problem using insulin it produces
a) Insulin return
b) Insulin remedv
Insuln retired
d) Insulin resistance

A

Insulan resistance

40
Q

Which tasting glucose range is classitied as pre-diabetes!
a) 60-100 mg/dl
b) 50-95 mg/dl
c) 100-125 mg/dI
d) 50-80 mg/dl

A

100-125

41
Q

Type1 diabetes IS characterized by

A

Hyperglycemia

42
Q

Insulln Is released into the bloodstream In small amounts and larger amounts after food consumption ?

A

Yes

43
Q

Hemoglobin A1c Is a measure or glucose levels tor the past
6 months
1 month
17 months
3 months

A

3 months

44
Q

This insulin covers needs tor meals eaten within 30-60 minutes.
NPH
Regular
LISpro
Aspart

A

Regular

45
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis results in:
severe dehydration
Requires fluid replacement due to vomiting
Depletion of serum potassium
all of the above

A

All

46
Q

Hypoglycemia can result from

A

delaying meals
too much hypovolemic agent
too much insulin

47
Q

Ideopathy neuropathy cause

A

No known cause

48
Q

Peripheral neuropathy can be due to
Carpal tunnel
alcohol abuse
Untreated lyme disease
All of the above

A

All

Nursing 2nd Spring Semester (42 decks)

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