Concept of Reproduction- EXAM 1 Flashcards
What is Obstetrics
The care of women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period
What hormones stimulate the maturation of ovarian follicles
FSH and LH
Describe fertilization
Occurs when sperm penetrates the ovum and they unite
Takes place in the outer third of the Fallopian tube near the ovary
What determines the gender of the fetus
The male, they carry Y chromosome
women carry the X
XX = F
XY = M
Twins
Occur 1 in 80 pregnancies
Fraternal: operate placentas or Identical
Presumptive symptoms of pregnancy
Amenhorrhea
Urinary frequency
NVP
Changes in breasts
Fatigue and drowsiness
Deepening pigmentation
Quickening
What is quickening
Mothers perception of fetal movement
Occurs 18-20 weeks after LMP
Linea nigra
Dark line at the midline
Probable symptoms of pregnancy
Changes in prelvic organs
Hagar signs
McDonald sign
Goodell sign
Chadwick sign
Enlargement of abdomen
Abdominal striae
Positive pregnancy results
Braxton hicks contractions
Uterine souffle
Ballottment
Hagar sign
Softening of isthmus of uterus
McDonald sign
ease in flexing body of uterus against the cervix
Occurs 3-4 weeks
Goodell sign
Softening of the entire surface
Braxton hicks contractions
intermittent painless uterine contractions
Pregnancy tests
Urine or serum
Urine is an agglutination test, dipstick tests enzyme present
Serum involves immunoassay
Positive symptoms of pregnancy
Observable fetal heartbeat
Fetal movement felt by examiner
Visualization of fetus by ultrasound
What is the placenta
metabolic and nutrient exchange between embryonic and maternal circulations
Begins at 3rd week and expands until about 20 weeks
2 parts
Placenta two parts
Maternal: rough, red and flesh like
Fetal:smooth, covered by amnion
What is the amnionic fluid
Acts as a cushion to protect the embryo
Controls the embryos temperature
Permits development of the embryo
Allows umbilical to be free of compression
Antibacterial
Acts as lubricant during delivery
What is the umbilical cord
Body stalk
Attaches embryo to yolk sac
Appears twisted or spiraled
Nunchal cord
When the umbilical cord encircles the fetas neck
Development of fetal circulatory system
Fetal CO2 is excreted into maternal bloodstream
Fetus obtains oxygen via diffusion from maternal circulation
Vernix caseosa
present on baby after birth, acts as antibacterial for baby, not washed off immediately
What hormones are required to maintain pregnancy
hCG, hPL, Estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin and Prostaglandis
Uterus changes in pregnancy
Expands 60g to 1100 g in weight
Increases from 10 mL to 5000 mL in capacity
Breast changes
Enlarge, superficial veins become more prominent
Areolas darken
Striae develop
Colostrum may leak at week 10 and gradually converts to milk in the first few days after childbirth
