Chpt 6 bio Flashcards
What are body cells
What are they used for in the body
diploids, specialized cells
they make up tissues and organs
( spleen, kidney, eyeballs)
what are germ cells?
where are they produced?
reproductive cells
they are produced in the ovaries and testes
(to make eggs and sperm)
What are gametes
reproductive cell in an animal or plant
What are the gametes in females and male
females: eggs
males: sperms
what is the purpose of gametes
sexual reproduction
(fusion of 2 gametes)
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have
How many individual chromosomes
23 pairs
46 chromosomes
What is a homologous pair?
Where do homologous chromosomes come from
XX or YY just 2 of the same alleles
one from the father and the other from he mother
Which pairs of chromosomes are the autosomal chromosomes
the first 22 cells
which pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes
the X and Y cells
which sex chromosomes is larger and has more genes
X is larger the Y
What genetic make up give you males and females
males: XY
Females: XX
What is sexual reproduction?
what is fertilization
the processes of making unique combinations of genes
The fusion of the egg and the sperm
what does it mean to be diploid?
where does each set of chromosomes come from in a diploid?
to carry 2 copies of each chromosomes
What is meiosis
what does it produce
body cell division
makes gametes
what are sister chromitids attached by
centro mere
what is the crossing over of chromosomes
exchange of chromosomes segments b/w homologous chromosomes
How does mitosis and meiosis differ
Mitosis: 1 division, start with 46chr. end with 46chr, clone, 2 cells
Meiosis: 2 divisions, start with 46 end with 32chr, unique, 4 cells
what is gametogensis
production of gametes
what allows the sperm to move and make it to the egg
by the flagella
what is the main purpose of the sperm during fertilization
to carry DNA for the egg
How many fictional sperm are made during spermatogenesis
4 sperm
How many funtional eggs are made during oogenesis
1 egg
what are polar bodies
cell with a little more DNA
What is the difference btwn identical and fraternal twins in terms of genetics and how they from
identical twins is when a mom has one egg and one sperm and some of the bungle of cells splits
fraternal twins are when you have 2 diff eggs and 2 diff sperm
why is Mendal important
he was the guy who paved the way for genetic studies
what are traits
distinguished characteristics of people
what is genetics
study of biological inheritance patterns and variation
what do P, F1and F2 mean?
P = parents
F1 = the kids
F2 = grand kids
what traits did Mendal look at
why?
height, color
because they where either or traits
homozygous
2 of same alleles
heterzygous
2 diff alleles
gene
piece of DNA that makes a cell make a certain protien
locus
specific position on a pair of homologous chromosomes
allele
alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a specific locus
genome
all of an organism’s genetic material
genotype
genetic make up of something
phenotype
physical appearances
dominant
the trait that is expressed
recessive
allele that is masked unless it has 2 present
mono-hybrid cross
one trait is looked at
dihybrid cross
2 traites are looked at
testcross
cross b/w organism w/unknown genotype
law of independent assortment
allele pairs separate independently of each other during meiosis
probibility
likelihood of something happening
what are 3 ways that the process of meiosis gives genetic variation?
crossing over, law of independent assortment, Random fertilization of gametes
what is genetic linkage
genes being inherited
