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Med Term > Chp. 12 Pathologies > Flashcards

Chp. 12 Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Absence seizure

A

type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and an absence of activity. It is formerly known as petit mal seizure

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2
Q

Aura

A

sensations such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure or migraine headache

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3
Q

Coma

A

profound unconsciousness resulting from an illness or injury

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4
Q

Conscious

A

condition of being awake and aware of surroundings

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5
Q

Convulsions

A

severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations. These have a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions

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6
Q

Delirium

A

abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation

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7
Q

Dementia

A

: a progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living. Patients have little awareness of their conditions. Found in disorders such as Alzheimer’s

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8
Q

Palsy

A

: temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement

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9
Q

Paralysis

A

temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movemen

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10
Q

Syncope

A

fainting

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11
Q

Tremor

A

involuntary repetitive alternating movements of a part of the body

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12
Q

Dysphasia

A

difficulty communicating verbally or in writing

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13
Q

Hemiparesis

A

weakness of the loss of motion on one side of the body.

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14
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body

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15
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

an abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain, or sensitivity to touch

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16
Q

Monoparesis

A

muscle weakness in one limb

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17
Q

Monoplegia

A

Paralysis of one limb

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18
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs

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19
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling

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20
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

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21
Q

Semiconscious

A

state of being aware of surrounding and responding to stimuli only part of the time

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22
Q

Unconscious

A

state of being unaware of surrounding, with the inability to respond to stimuli

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23
Q

Focal seizure:

A

: Localized seizure often affecting one limb

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24
Q

Seizure

A

sudden, the uncontrollable onset of symptoms, such as in epileptic seizure

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25
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure:

A

Type of epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions. The seizure alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms (tonic) and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic). It is also called a grand mal seizure

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26
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults after 65 years of age.

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory

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28
Q

Who is Alzheimer’s Disease named after?

A

German Neurologist Alois Alzheimer

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29
Q

Cerebral Aneurysm

A

Localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel. A ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of a hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident.

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30
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease and the symptoms of it?

A

a chronic disorder of the nervous system
Fine tremors
Muscular weakness: Myoparesis
A shuffling gait

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31
Q

Who is Parkinson’s Disease named after?

A

Sir James Parkinson

32
Q

What is Reyes Syndrome?

A

a combination of symptoms first recognized by Australian pathologists R.D.K. Reye.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Reyes Syndrome?

A

includes acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, especially the liver.

34
Q

How does Reyes Syndrome occur?

A

This occurs in children under age 15 who have had a viral infection. It is also associated with taking aspirin. For this reason, it is not recommended for children to use aspirin.

35
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

One-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of the facial nerve, probably viral in nature.

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Bell’s Palsy?

A

The patient cannot control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression, but most will eventually recover

37
Q

What is the Guillain- Barré Syndrome?

A

Disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering. It may be caused by an autoimmune reaction.

38
Q

What are the symptoms of the Guillain- Barré Syndrome?

A

Characterized by loss of sensation and/or muscle control(anesthesia or ataxia) starting in the legs. Symptoms then move toward the trunk and may even result in paralysis of the diaphragm

39
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from nerves
lesions separated by time and space

40
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse

41
Q

What are Shingles?

A

Eruption of painful blisters on the body along a nerve path. Thought to be caused by a Herpes Zoster virus infection of the nerve root

42
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

A

a disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cor

43
Q

What is Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis also called?

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

44
Q

What is Epilepsy?

A

Recurrent Disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of the uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons in the brain

45
Q

What is a Migraine?

A

: Specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea

46
Q

What is a Cerebrovascular Accident/ Stroke?

A

Any destructuion to blood flood through the brain

47
Q

What are the causes of a CVA/ stroke?

A

compression (tumor), hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus

48
Q

Where are CVA/ strokes commonly found?

A

The Circle of Willis

49
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Temporary Interferance w/ blood supply to the brain and may lead to a CVA

50
Q

TIA Symptoms

A

dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis

51
Q

How can compression cause a stroke?

A

A tumor can press down on a blood vessel causing blood flow to decrease causing ischemia: deprivation of oxygen to a cell

52
Q

How can a Thrombus cause a stroke?

A

A clot can get stuck in the blood vessel stopping the flow of blood thus causing ischemia

53
Q

How can an embolus cause a stoke?

A

Travelling clot. Piece of a clot that breaks away and travels and get stuck in small vessels causing ischemia.

54
Q

How can a hemorrhage cause a stroke?

A

If the blood vessel is ruptured, the blood won’t make it to the brain thus ischemia

55
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

congenital malformations (at birth)

56
Q

What are the 3 varities of Spina Bifida?

A

Spina Bifida Ocolata, Meningocele and Myelomeningocele

57
Q

Spina Bifida Ocolata

A

vertebra is not complete but there is no protrusion of the nervous system structures; least severe

58
Q

Meningocele

A

protrusion of the meninges

59
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

protrusion of the meninges and the spinal cord

60
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Enlargement of the ventricles in the brain due to excess CSF. If left untreated it can lead to mental retardation and seizures

61
Q

Astrocytoma:

A

tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes, one type of neuroglial cells

62
Q

Brain Tumor

A

Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant. A benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue

63
Q

Neuroma

A

Nerve tumor or tumor of the connective tissue sheath around a nerve

64
Q

Epidural Hematoma:

A

Mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord

65
Q

Meningioma

A

tumor in the meninges

66
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

Mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma. May exert fatal pressure on the brain if the hematoma is not drained by surgery.

67
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

viral inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Results in varying degrees of paralysis; may be mild and reversible or may be severe or permanent. This disease has been almost eliminated due to the discovery of a vaccine in the 1950s.

68
Q

Radiculitis

A

inflammation of nerve root; may be caused by herniated nucleus pulpous

69
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges around the brain or spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms may include fever, headache, neck stiffness, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and photophobia

70
Q

Cerebral Contusion

A

Bruising of the brain from a blow or impact

71
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Brain damage resulting from a defect, trauma, infection, or lack of oxygen before, during, or shortly after birth

72
Q

Concussion:

A

Injury to the brain resulting from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact; mild traumatic brain injury

73
Q

What are symptoms of a concussion?

A

headache, blurred vision, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, and balance problems

74
Q

Neuropathy

A

General term for disease or damage to a nerve

75
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Refers to a condition that occurs when a herniated nucleus pulposus puts pressure on a nerve root.

76
Q

What are symptoms of a Radiculopathy?

A

Pain and numbness along the path of the affected nerve

77
Q

Where are cerebral aneurysms likely to occur in the Circle of Willis?

A

anterior cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery and middle cerebral artery

Med Term (60 decks)

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