Chapter 2: Body Arrangement Flashcards
1
Q
How is the body arranged?
A
Body- Systems- Organs- Tissues- Cells
2
Q
What do cells always contain?
A
Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus
3
Q
Cell Membrane
A
outermost boundary of the cell; encloses the cytoplasm
4
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Watery internal environment inside the cell
5
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells and their functions
6
Q
Nucleus
A
contains the cell’s DNA
7
Q
Define Cells
A
Smallest structure of a body that has all the properties of being alive
8
Q
What are all the properties of being alive?
A
Responding to stimuli
Engaging in metabolic activities
Reproducing itself
9
Q
What are the functions of cells?
A
reproduction, hormone secretion, energy production, and excretion
10
Q
What are the specific functions?
A
contraction by muscle cells and electrical impulse transmission by nerve cells
11
Q
Histology
A
the study of tissues
12
Q
How are tissues formed?
A
when like cells are grouped together and function together to perform a specific activity
13
Q
How many types of tissues?
A
4: muscle tissue, epithelial tissues, connective tissue, and nervous tissue
14
Q
What do muscle tissues do?
A
Produces movement in the body through contraction, or shortening in length
15
Q
What are the 3 basic types of muscle tissues?
A
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle
16
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
found in the heart
17
Q
Smooth muscle
A
found in internal organs (intestine, uterus, and blood vessels)
18
Q
Muscle Fibers
A
individual muscle cells
19
Q
Skeletal Muscle
A
attached to bone
20
Q
What is Epithelial Tissue?
A
Found throughout the body and is composed of close-packed cells that form the covering for and lining of body structures.
Specialized to absorb substances (nutrients from the intestines), secrete substances (sweat glands), or excrete waste ( such as the kidney tubules)
21
Q
Epithelium
A
Epithelial
22
Q
What are Connective Tissues?
A
Supporting and protecting tissue in body structures
Performs many different functions depending of its location
23
Q
What is the role of Adipose?
A
provides protective padding around body structure
24
Q
What is the role of Bone?
A
provides structural support for the body
25
What is the role of Cartilage?
shock absorber in joints
26
What is the roles of tendons?
tightly connect skeletal muscles to bones
27
What is made up of Nervous Tissue?
Brain, Nerves, Neurons, and Spinal Cord
28
Define organs.
Composed of several different types of tissue
29
Define systems
composed of several organs working in a coordinated manner to perform complex functions
30
What is the medical speciality of the Integumentary System?
dermatology
31
What are the structures of the integumentary system?
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands
32
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Forms protective two-way barrier and aids in temperature regulation
33
What are the medical specialities in the Musculoskeletal system?
Orthopedics
Orthopedic Surgery
34
What are the structures in the Musculoskeletal System?
Bones
Joints
Muscles
35
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
Skeleton supprts and portects the body, forms blood cells, and stores minerals. Muscles provide movement
36
What is the medical specialty for the Cardiovascular system?
Cardiology
37
What are the structures in the Cardiovascular system?
Heart
Arteries
veins
38
What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system?
Pumps blood through the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
39
What is the medical specialty of the blood (hematic system)?
Hematology
40
What are teh structures in the blood (hematic system)?
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
41
What are the functions of the blood (hematic system)?
Transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and controls bleeding
42
What is the medical specialty of the lymphatic system?
Immunology
43
What are the structures of the lympathic system>
Lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels
Spleen
Thymus gland
tonsils
44
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Protects the body from disease and invasion from pathogens
45
What are the medical specialities of the respiratory system?
Otorhinolaryngology
Pulmonology
Thoracic Surgery
46
What are the structures of the Respiratory system?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
lungs
47
What are the functions of the Respiratory System?
Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
48
What are the medical specialties of the Digestive or Gastrointestinal System (GI)>
Gastroenterology
Proctology
49
What are the structures in the Digestive system? (10)
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Salivary glands
50
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Ingest, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body
51
What are the medical specialties of the Urinary System?
Nephrology
urology
52
What structures are in the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
urethra
53
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body
54
What are the medical specialties of the female reprouctive system?
Gynecology
Obstetrics
55
What are the structures in the female reproductive system?
Ovary
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
breasts
56
What are the functions of the female reporductive system?
Produces egg for reproduction and provides place for growing baby
57
What are the medical specialities in the male reproductive system?
urology
58
What are the structures in the male reproductive system? (7)
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Penis
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
59
What are the functions of the male reproductive system?
Produces sperm for reproduction
60
What is the medical specialty of the endocrine system>
endocrinology
61
What are the structures of the Endocrine system? (9)
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid glands
Parathyroid glands
Thymus glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
62
What are the functions of the Endocrine system?
Regulates metabolic activities of the body
63
What are the medical specialties of the Nervous system?
Neurology
neurosurgery
64
What are the structures of the Nervous system?
Brain
Spinal cord
nerves
65
What are the functions of the Nervous System?
Receives sensory information and coordinates the body’s response
66
What are the medical specialties of the special senses?
Ophthalmology
Otorhinolaryngology
67
What are the sturctures of the Special Senses?
Eye
Ear
68
What are the functions of the Special Senses?
Visison; Hearing and Balance
69
What are the four examples of cells?
White blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and sperm cell
70
What are the 8 anterior body regions?
Cephalic region
Cervical region
Thoracic region
Abdominal region
Pelvic region
Pubic region
Brachial region
Crural region
71
What are the 3 posterior body regions?
Gluteal Region
Vertebral Region
Dorsum
72
Anatomical Position:
used when describing the positions and relationships of structures in the human body
73
Describe the anatomical position
arms at the sides of the body, palms of the hands facing forward, legs parallel with the feet, toes pointing forward, and the eyes are looking straight ahead.
74
Sagittal Plane
vertical plane; divides into right and left portions; front to back
75
Midsagittal or Median Plane:
divides into equal right and left halves
76
Sagittal Section
dives into right and left portions (may not be equal)
77
Frontal Plane
coronal plane; divides the body into front and back portions; a vertical plane
78
Front or Coronal Sections
view provided by a cut along the frontal plane
79
Transverse plane:
Horizontal plane; a crosswise plane that runs parallel to the ground; divides into upper and lower positions
80
Transverse section:
view provided by a cut along the transverse plane
81
Cross section:
view produced by a slide perpendicular to the long axis of a structure
82
Longitudinal section:
view produced by a lengthwise slice along the long axis of a structure
83
Cephalic region:
the entire head
84
Cervical region:
neck; connects the head and the trunk (torso)
85
Thoracic region:
chest
86
Brachial region
arms
87
Crural region
legs
88
Gluteal Region:
buttock
89
Dorsum
the back
90
Anterior Body Cavities
Thoracic Cavity, Pleural Cavity, Pericardial Cavity, Mediastinum Cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
91
What are the Posterior Body Cavities?
Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity
92
What is in the Ventra Cavities?
Thoracic Cavity: Pleural Cavity (lungs); Pericardial cavity (heart); Mediastinum
93
What is in the Pericardial cavity
heart
94
What is in the abdominal cavity?
Stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
95
What is in the Pelvic Cavity for males?
Parts of the small and large intestine
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
prostate, parts of seminal vesicles, vas deferens
96
What is in the Pelvic Cavity for females?
Parts of the small and large intestine
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
97
Which intestines are in between abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity?
Small Intestine and Large Intestine
98
Which body cavity is kidneys in?
Not in any Cavity; retroperitoneal
| In the sac formed behind the peritoneum
99
What are some organs that are in multiple cavities?
Small intestine, large intestine and heart
100
Accessory organs:
pancreas, gall bladder and liver
101
Mediastinum Cavity:
thymus, trachea, esophagus, heart and aorta
102
What is Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Abdominal Cavity and pelvic Cavity
103
Superior or cephalic:
more toward the head, or above another structure
104
Inferior or caudal:
More toward the feet or tail, or below another structure
105
Anterior or ventral
More toward the front or belly-side of the body
106
Posterior or Dorsal
more toward the back or spinal cord side of the body
107
Medial
refers to teh middle or near the middle of the body or the structure
108
Lateral
refers to the side
109
Proximal
located nearer to the point of attachment to the body
110
Distal
located farther away from the point of attachment to the body
111
Apex
tip or summit of an organ
112
Base
bottom or lower part of an organ
113
Superficial
More toward teh surface of the body
114
Deep
Further away from the surface of the body
115
Supine
The body lying horizontally and facing upward
116
Prone
The body lying horizontally and facing downward
117
AP
anteroposterior
118
CV
Cardiovascular
119
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
120
GI
Gastrointestinal
121
OB/GYN
Obstetrics and Gynecology
122
Lat
lateral
123
LE
Lower extremity
124
MS
Musculoskeletal
125
PA
posterior anterior
126
UE
Upper extremity
