Chapter 5: Heart Pathology Flashcards by Riya Patel

angitis

inflammation of a vessel

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Endocarditis

inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart. Due to bacteria or an abnormal immunological response. Vegetation= the mass of bacteria present

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Myocarditis

inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart wall

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Pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart

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Valvulitis

inflammation of the heart valve

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Phlebitis

inflammation of the vein

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Polyarteritis

inflammation of many arteries

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Thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein resulting in the formation of blood clots within the vein

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Angiospasm

Involuntary muscle contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a vessel; narrows the vessel

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Angiostenosis

The narrowing of a vessel

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Bradycardia

Condition of a slow heart rate; less than 60 beats per minute; athletic people

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Tachycardia

fast heart rate; more than 100 beats/minute while at rest

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Embolus and how does it affect the coronary artery

blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus and traveled. In a coronary artery= myocardial infarction

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Thrombus

a blood clot within a blood vessel; partially or completely blocks the vessel

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Infarct

An area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following the loss of its blood supply

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Ishchemia

Lack of oxygen because of an obstruction

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Ishchemia

Lack of oxygen because of an obstruction

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Murmur

An extra sound that might indicate abnormality (not the sound of blood flowing through the heart)

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Orthostatic Hypotension:

Sudden drop in blood pressure when someone stands up suddenly

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Palpitation

Pounding, racing heartbeats

Plaque/atheroma

Yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery=atherosclerosis. -atheroma:
Plaque that narrows the lumen of the artery

Regurgitation

To flow backward; backflow of blood through a valve

Angina Pectoris

Condition in which there is severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart. Caused by a deficiency of oxygen to the heart muscle

Arrhythmia

Irregular heartbeat or action (life-threatening or not)

Fibrillation. What happens in the ventricles and what do you use as equipment?

Serious arrhythmia by an abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers., In the ventricles= cardiac arrest and death Defilibrator= emergency equipment

Flutter

an arrhythmia in which the atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern

Blue Bundle Branch Block BBB and what is it also known as?

Electrical impulse is blocked when travelling down the bundle of His or bundle branches. =Ventricles beat at different times then the atria Heart block

What is a cardiac arrest?

Complete stop of heart activity

Cardiomegaly

enlargement of heart

Cardiomyopathy, what is it caused by and what treatment does it need?

Disease of the myocardium Caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure= require a heart transplant

Congenital Septal Defect (CSD) and what are the two types?

Hole in the septum between the two heart chambers= mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Atrial septal defect (ASD) & Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and what are the symptoms?

Reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart due to weak myocardium fo the left ventircle= cannot efficiently pump blood Weakness, breathlessness, and edema

Coronary Artery Disease, what is it caused by and what does it cause?

Insufficient blood supply to the heart Caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infarction

Heart Valve prolapse and what valve is it usually in?

Condition in which the valves are too loose and unable to shut tightly resulting in backflow of the blood during contraction. Usually in the mitral valve

Heart valve stenosis

Cusps and valves are stiff so they are unable to open fully= difficulty in blood flow or shut tightly, blood flow is backward Affects any of the valves

Myocardial Infarction, symptoms and what is it known as and what can it lead to?

Condition caused by the partial or complete obstruction or closing of the coronary arteries Squeezing pain or heavy pressure in the middle of the chest (angina pectoris) Heart attack = death

Aneurysm and where does it affect?

Weakness in the wall of the artery= localized widening Aorta in the abdomen and cerebral arteries in the brain

Arteriorrhexis

Ruptured artery; aneurysm

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries. Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

Caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries

Coarctation of the Aorta

Severe congenital narrowing of the aorta

Hemorrhoid

Varicose veins in the anal region

Varicose Veins

Swollen and twisted veins usually in the legs

Hypertension and what are the two types and describe them>

Blood pressure above the normal range Essential or primary hypertension: directly from cvd Secondary hypertension: high blood pressure from another disease

Hypotension and when does it occur?

Decrease in bp. Occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia or as death approaches

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and what are the treatments

Pulmonary artery and aorta connection fails to close at birth Medication and sometimes surgery

Peripheral Vascular Disease and what are the symptoms

Abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart Symptoms: pain, pallor numbness, and loss of circulation and pulses

Raynaud’s Phenomenon:

Arterial constriction caused by extreme cold or emotional stress that results in periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of the body (fingers, toes, ears and nose), they become cyanotic and very painful

Tetralogy of Falot

Combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, an interventricular septal defect, improper placement of the aorta, and hypertrophy of theh right ventricle. Need immediate surgery