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Med Term > Chapter 8: Anatomy of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Anatomy of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gastrointestinal system?

A

Combination of the accessory organs and the digestive tract; 30 feet of a continuous muscular tube called the gut, alimentary canal, or gastrointestinal tract between the mouth and anus

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2
Q

What are the organs of the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Rectum
Anus

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Salivary glands

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4
Q

What are accessory organs?

A

Organs that are not part of the continuous alimentary canal but are in the digestion process/ They are connected to the gut by a duct.

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5
Q

What are the three main functions of the digestive system?

A

Digesting food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste

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6
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down large food particles into nutrients that can be absorbed by the system. Nutrients are used for the growth and repair of organs and tissues. Food that cannot be used by the body becomes solid waste.

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7
Q

What are the parts of the oral cavity?

A

Teeth, tongue, saliva, taste buds, palate, uvula, cheeks, lips, and gingiva (gums)

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8
Q

Teeth

A

mechanically breaks up the food

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9
Q

Tongue

A

moves food around the mouth and mixes it with saliva

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10
Q

Saliva

A

has digestive enzymes that breaks down carbohydrates and has lubricants that make it easier to swallow

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11
Q

Taste buds

A

on the surface of the tongue; differentiates between different flavors

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12
Q

What is the palate

A

: roof of the oral cavity

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13
Q

What are the two palates and what are they?

A

Hard palate: bony anterior portion
Soft palate: flexible posterior portion

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14
Q

Uvula

A

hangs from the soft palate. Involved in speech production and the location of gag reflex

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15
Q

What is the gag reflex?

A

stimulated when food enters the throat without swallowing

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16
Q

What would happen if food enters the throat without swallowing?

A

the epiglottis would not cover the larynx to prevent food from entering- epiglottis is triggered by swallowing

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17
Q

Cheeks

A

lateral walls of the oral cavity

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18
Q

Lips

A

anterior opening to the mouth

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19
Q

Gingiva (gums)

A

mucuous membrane combined with connective tissue to cover the jaw bone & seal off teeth in their sockets

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth?

A

Cuspids (canines) & Incisors and Biscuspids (premolars) & molars:

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21
Q

Cuspids (canines) & Incisors:

A

: teeth in the front of the mouth that bite, tear, or cut food into small pieces

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22
Q

Bicuspids (premolars) & molars:

A

posterior teeth grind and crush food into fine pieces.

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23
Q

What are the two parts of a tooth?

A

crown and root

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24
Q

Crown

A

part of the tooth visible above the gum line

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25
Enamel
covers the crown; the hardest substance in the body
26
Dentin
makes up the main bulk of the tooth
27
Pulp cavity
hollow interior of the tooth
28
Root
in the bony socket of the jaw; held by cementum and periodontal ligaments
29
Root canal:
hollow interior in the root
30
What are the pulp cavity and root composed of?
soft tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels
31
What are the parts of a crown?
enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity
32
What are the parts of a root?
Root canal
33
True or False: Humans has two sets of teeth as they age
True: deciduous teeth- baby teeth and get replaced by adult teeth
34
Deciduous teeth:
baby teeth; 20 teeth that erupt between the ages of six and 28 months; they fall out at 6 and get replaced by 32 teeth- process continues until 18-20
35
After the mouth where does the food go? (Specific parts)
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
36
Epiglottis
cartilaginous flap that covers the larynx and trachea to prevent food from going down the airway
37
What is the esophagus?
Muscular tube that is 10 inches long in adults
38
Which cavities and areas does the esophagus travel to?
Food is carried through the thoracic cavity, the diaphragm, and the abdominal cavity
39
Peristalsis
food is pushed through the esophagus by wavelike muscular contractions- how food is pushed throughout the GI tract
40
What is the stomach?
J-shaped bag that churns food with digestive juices
41
What are the three regions of the stomach and describe them?
Fundus: upper part of the stomach Body: main portion of the stomach Antrum: the lower portion of the stomach
42
Rugae and what happens to it when food enters the stomach?
folds of the lining of the stomach; stretches out
43
Hydrochloric Acid (HCL):
secreted by glands in the mucous membrane lining of the stomach
44
Chyme
a liquid mixture that is formed by food, hydrochloric acid, and other gastric juices
45
Sphincters
muscular valves that lead to the entry and exit of the stomach Ensures only food can move forward down the gut tube
46
Cardiac Sphincter:
located between the esophagus and the fundus; keeps food from flowing backward into the esophagus
47
WHat is the cardiac sphincter also called?
lower esophageal sphincter-LES
48
Pyloric sphincter
regulates the passage of food into the small intestine.
49
Why does the pyloric sphincter allow a small amount of the chyme to enter the small intestine?
Small intestine is very narrow & cannot hold as much Chyme is very acidic & must be neutralized
50
What is the small intestine?
20 feet long Site of digestion and absorption of nutrients from food; between the pyloric sphincter and the colon
51
If there is an abnormality in the small intestine,what is the result of it?
malnutrition
52
What are the three sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, and ileum
53
Duodenum location and features
from the pyloric sphincter to the jejunum; 10 -12 inches long
54
What happens in the duodenum?
digestion finishes in the duodenum after the liquid chyme from the stomach is mixed with digestive juices from the pancreas and gallbladder
55
Describe the Jejunum?
extends from the duodenum to the ileum, 8 ft. long
56
What is the Ileum?
last portion of the small intestine & extends from the jejunum to the colon; 12 ft. long & longest portion of the small intestine;
57
What is the ileocal valve?
sphincter connected to the colon with the ileum
58
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water and produces solid waste
59
What is the large intestine?
5 feet long; extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
60
What are the parts of the large intestine?
cecum, colon and rectum
61
What is the cecum?
pouch or saclike area in the first 2-3 inches of the colon
62
Vermiform Appendix:
small worm-shaped outgrowth at the end of the cecum
63
What are the 4 parts of the colon?
Ascending colo, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon
64
What are the locations of the 4 parts of the colon?
Ascending colon: cecum-liver Transverse colon: horizontally across the upper abdomen toward the spleen Descending colon: left side of the body to the sigmoid colon Sigmoid colon: s shape to the midline and to the rectum
65
Rectum
where feces are stored
66
Anus
a hole
67
Anal sphincter:
consits of rings of voluntary and involuntary muscles to control the evacutaion of feces (defecation)
68
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Salivary Glands, the liver, the pancreas, and the gallbladder
69
What do the accessory organs do?
Makes the digestive fluids and enzymes for checmical digestion
70
How are the accessory organs connected to the digestive system?
by a duct
71
Salivary Glands:
produce saliva
72
Saliva
watery fluid that allows to be swallowed easily without choking
73
Bolus
saliva mixed with food that is ready to be swallowed
74
Amylase
digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
75
What are the 3 pairs of the salivary glands and where are the located?
Partoid glands: in front of the ears Submandibular glands: floor fo the mouth Sublingual glands: floor of the mouth
76
Where is the liver located?
right upper quadrant of the abdomen
77
What does the liver do?
Processes nutrients absorbed by the intestines, detoxifies harmful substances in the body, and proudces bile
78
Bile
digestion of fats and lipids; breaks up large fat globules into much smaller droplets; easier to digest in the intestines= emulsification
79
What is the gallbladder?
Where bile is stored;
80
What is the process of bile being produced and going to the gallbladder?
Liver produce bile- hepatic duct- cystic duct- gallbladder
81
What is the process of sending bile when detecting fats?
sends bile by contracting muscles- cystic duct- common bile duct and into the duodenum where it is able to emulsify the fat in chyme
82
How is the pancreas connected to the duodenum?
pancreatic duct
83
What does the pancreas produce?
buffers and pancreatic enzymes
84
Buffers
neutralize acidic chyme that left stomach
85
Pancreatic enzymes:
chemically digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
86
What is the pancreas' role in the endocrine system?
produces hormones insulin and glucagon-regulates level of glucose in blood
87
abscessed
a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection

Med Term (60 decks)

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