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Med Term > Chapter 8: Anatomy of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Anatomy of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gastrointestinal system?

A

Combination of the accessory organs and the digestive tract; 30 feet of a continuous muscular tube called the gut, alimentary canal, or gastrointestinal tract between the mouth and anus

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2
Q

What are the organs of the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Rectum
Anus

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Salivary glands

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4
Q

What are accessory organs?

A

Organs that are not part of the continuous alimentary canal but are in the digestion process/ They are connected to the gut by a duct.

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5
Q

What are the three main functions of the digestive system?

A

Digesting food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste

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6
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down large food particles into nutrients that can be absorbed by the system. Nutrients are used for the growth and repair of organs and tissues. Food that cannot be used by the body becomes solid waste.

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7
Q

What are the parts of the oral cavity?

A

Teeth, tongue, saliva, taste buds, palate, uvula, cheeks, lips, and gingiva (gums)

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8
Q

Teeth

A

mechanically breaks up the food

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9
Q

Tongue

A

moves food around the mouth and mixes it with saliva

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10
Q

Saliva

A

has digestive enzymes that breaks down carbohydrates and has lubricants that make it easier to swallow

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11
Q

Taste buds

A

on the surface of the tongue; differentiates between different flavors

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12
Q

What is the palate

A

: roof of the oral cavity

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13
Q

What are the two palates and what are they?

A

Hard palate: bony anterior portion
Soft palate: flexible posterior portion

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14
Q

Uvula

A

hangs from the soft palate. Involved in speech production and the location of gag reflex

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15
Q

What is the gag reflex?

A

stimulated when food enters the throat without swallowing

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16
Q

What would happen if food enters the throat without swallowing?

A

the epiglottis would not cover the larynx to prevent food from entering- epiglottis is triggered by swallowing

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17
Q

Cheeks

A

lateral walls of the oral cavity

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18
Q

Lips

A

anterior opening to the mouth

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19
Q

Gingiva (gums)

A

mucuous membrane combined with connective tissue to cover the jaw bone & seal off teeth in their sockets

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth?

A

Cuspids (canines) & Incisors and Biscuspids (premolars) & molars:

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21
Q

Cuspids (canines) & Incisors:

A

: teeth in the front of the mouth that bite, tear, or cut food into small pieces

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22
Q

Bicuspids (premolars) & molars:

A

posterior teeth grind and crush food into fine pieces.

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23
Q

What are the two parts of a tooth?

A

crown and root

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24
Q

Crown

A

part of the tooth visible above the gum line

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25
Q

Enamel

A

covers the crown; the hardest substance in the body

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26
Q

Dentin

A

makes up the main bulk of the tooth

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27
Q

Pulp cavity

A

hollow interior of the tooth

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28
Q

Root

A

in the bony socket of the jaw; held by cementum and periodontal ligaments

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29
Q

Root canal:

A

hollow interior in the root

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30
Q

What are the pulp cavity and root composed of?

A

soft tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels

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31
Q

What are the parts of a crown?

A

enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity

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32
Q

What are the parts of a root?

A

Root canal

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33
Q

True or False: Humans has two sets of teeth as they age

A

True: deciduous teeth- baby teeth and get replaced by adult teeth

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34
Q

Deciduous teeth:

A

baby teeth; 20 teeth that erupt between the ages of six and 28 months; they fall out at 6 and get replaced by 32 teeth- process continues until 18-20

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35
Q

After the mouth where does the food go? (Specific parts)

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

36
Q

Epiglottis

A

cartilaginous flap that covers the larynx and trachea to prevent food from going down the airway

37
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Muscular tube that is 10 inches long in adults

38
Q

Which cavities and areas does the esophagus travel to?

A

Food is carried through the thoracic cavity, the diaphragm, and the abdominal cavity

39
Q

Peristalsis

A

food is pushed through the esophagus by wavelike muscular contractions- how food is pushed throughout the GI tract

40
Q

What is the stomach?

A

J-shaped bag that churns food with digestive juices

41
Q

What are the three regions of the stomach and describe them?

A

Fundus: upper part of the stomach
Body: main portion of the stomach
Antrum: the lower portion of the stomach

42
Q

Rugae and what happens to it when food enters the stomach?

A

folds of the lining of the stomach; stretches out

43
Q

Hydrochloric Acid (HCL):

A

secreted by glands in the mucous membrane lining of the stomach

44
Q

Chyme

A

a liquid mixture that is formed by food, hydrochloric acid, and other gastric juices

45
Q

Sphincters

A

muscular valves that lead to the entry and exit of the stomach
Ensures only food can move forward down the gut tube

46
Q

Cardiac Sphincter:

A

located between the esophagus and the fundus; keeps food from flowing backward into the esophagus

47
Q

WHat is the cardiac sphincter also called?

A

lower esophageal sphincter-LES

48
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

regulates the passage of food into the small intestine.

49
Q

Why does the pyloric sphincter allow a small amount of the chyme to enter the small intestine?

A

Small intestine is very narrow & cannot hold as much
Chyme is very acidic & must be neutralized

50
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

20 feet long Site of digestion and absorption of nutrients from food; between the pyloric sphincter and the colon

51
Q

If there is an abnormality in the small intestine,what is the result of it?

A

malnutrition

52
Q

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and ileum

53
Q

Duodenum location and features

A

from the pyloric sphincter to the jejunum; 10 -12 inches long

54
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

digestion finishes in the duodenum after the liquid chyme from the stomach is mixed with digestive juices from the pancreas and gallbladder

55
Q

Describe the Jejunum?

A

extends from the duodenum to the ileum, 8 ft. long

56
Q

What is the Ileum?

A

last portion of the small intestine & extends from the jejunum to the colon; 12 ft. long & longest portion of the small intestine;

57
Q

What is the ileocal valve?

A

sphincter connected to the colon with the ileum

58
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Absorbs water and produces solid waste

59
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

5 feet long; extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus

60
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum, colon and rectum

61
Q

What is the cecum?

A

pouch or saclike area in the first 2-3 inches of the colon

62
Q

Vermiform Appendix:

A

small worm-shaped outgrowth at the end of the cecum

63
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon?

A

Ascending colo, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon

64
Q

What are the locations of the 4 parts of the colon?

A

Ascending colon: cecum-liver
Transverse colon: horizontally across the upper abdomen toward the spleen
Descending colon: left side of the body to the sigmoid colon
Sigmoid colon: s shape to the midline and to the rectum

65
Q

Rectum

A

where feces are stored

66
Q

Anus

A

a hole

67
Q

Anal sphincter:

A

consits of rings of voluntary and involuntary muscles to control the evacutaion of feces (defecation)

68
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Salivary Glands, the liver, the pancreas, and the gallbladder

69
Q

What do the accessory organs do?

A

Makes the digestive fluids and enzymes for checmical digestion

70
Q

How are the accessory organs connected to the digestive system?

A

by a duct

71
Q

Salivary Glands:

A

produce saliva

72
Q

Saliva

A

watery fluid that allows to be swallowed easily without choking

73
Q

Bolus

A

saliva mixed with food that is ready to be swallowed

74
Q

Amylase

A

digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

75
Q

What are the 3 pairs of the salivary glands and where are the located?

A

Partoid glands: in front of the ears
Submandibular glands: floor fo the mouth
Sublingual glands: floor of the mouth

76
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

right upper quadrant of the abdomen

77
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Processes nutrients absorbed by the intestines, detoxifies harmful substances in the body, and proudces bile

78
Q

Bile

A

digestion of fats and lipids; breaks up large fat globules into much smaller droplets; easier to digest in the intestines= emulsification

79
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Where bile is stored;

80
Q

What is the process of bile being produced and going to the gallbladder?

A

Liver produce bile- hepatic duct- cystic duct- gallbladder

81
Q

What is the process of sending bile when detecting fats?

A

sends bile by contracting muscles- cystic duct- common bile duct and into the duodenum where it is able to emulsify the fat in chyme

82
Q

How is the pancreas connected to the duodenum?

A

pancreatic duct

83
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

buffers and pancreatic enzymes

84
Q

Buffers

A

neutralize acidic chyme that left stomach

85
Q

Pancreatic enzymes:

A

chemically digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

86
Q

What is the pancreas’ role in the endocrine system?

A

produces hormones insulin and glucagon-regulates level of glucose in blood

87
Q

abscessed

A

a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection

Med Term (60 decks)

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