Chapter 9 Flashcards
Functional Classification of Joints
Based on movement
Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
Synarthroses
Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints
Diarthroses
Freely movable joints
Structural Classification of Joints
Based on binding material and presence of joint cavity
Fibrous joints
Connected by fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Sutures
Direct connections between joints
Ex- Skull
Syndesmoses
Short ligament connections
Ex- Tibia and fibular joints
Gomphoses
Peg-in-socket joints
Ex- Teeth
Cartilaginous Joints
Connected by cartilage without joint capsule
Synchondroses and symphyses
Synchondroses
Joined by hyaline cartilage
Ex- Epiphyseal plates; ribs and sternum
Symphyses
Joined by fibrocartilage
Ex- Vertebra and pubic symphysis
Synovial joints
Freely movable joints with joint cavity
Structures in synovial joints
Articular cartilage
Joint cavity
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments
Nerve and blood supply
Articular discs
Bursae and tendon sheaths
Articular capsule
Surrounds joint and encloses cavity
Made of synovial membrane and fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
Loose connective tissue that forms deep layer of the articular capsule
Secretes synovial fluid
Fibrous capsule
Dense irregular connective tissue that forms outer layer of articular capsule and strengthens the joint
Continuous with periosteum
Three factors that influence joint stability
Articular surfaces
Ligaments
Muscle tone (major contributor)
Abduction
Movement away from midline
Adduction
Movement toward midline
Dorsiflextion
Toes toward shin
Plantar flexion
Toes toward heel
Opposition
Move thumb across palm
Types of synovial joints
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
Plane joints
Flat articular surfaces that allow nonaxial gliding movements
Examples- Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Hinge joints
Cylinder and trough connection that allow uniaxial angular movements
Examples- Elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints
Pivot Joints
Sleeve and axle connections that allow uniaxial rotational movement
Examples- Proximal radioulnar joint; atlas and axis
Condyloid Joints
Oval articular surfaces that allow biaxial movements
Examples- Phalanges and metacarpals
Saddle joints
Convex and concave portions on both articular surfaces that allow for biaxial movmenets
Example- Thumb
Ball-and-socket joints
Spherical head meeting round socket that allows for multiaxial movements
Examples- Shoulder and hips
