Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Chapter 25- Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25- Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum

A

Skin and superficial fascia surrounding testes
Testes divided by septum
Positioned outside pelvic cavity to optimal sperm temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dartos muscle

A

Smooth muscle that contracts to raise the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Skeletal muscle that contracts to raise the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spermatic cord

A

Vessels exiting scrotum and entering pelvic cavity
Vas deferens, testicular artery, and pampiniform plexus (venous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Serous sac that surrounds testes
Extension of peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Fibrous capsule of the testes
Projection divide testes into 250-300 lobules with 1-4 seminiferous tubules each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Site of sperm production
Separated by areolar connective tissue
Contain spermatogenic, columnar sustentacular, myoid, and interstitial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

Cells in the seminiferous tubules that divide to produce sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Columnar sustentacular cells

A

Support cells that surround spermatogenic cells
Tight junctions form blood-testis barrier, keeping immune system out
Extend from basal lamina to lumen of seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Myoid cells

A

Surrounds seminiferous tubules and move sperm
Similar to muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

A

Secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stages of spermatogenesis

A

Stage 1- Stem cell divides into basal cells and spermatocytes
Stage 2- Meiosis
Stage 3- Spermatogenesis- Differentiate into spermatozoa
Process produces 4 viable sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epididymis

A

Coiled duct connecting testes to vas deferens
Site of sperm maturation and storage until ejaculation
Composed of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sperm maturation

A

Gain ability to swim and fertilize egg
Occurs in the epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vas (Ductus) Deferens

A

Passageway for sperm during ejaculation
Wraps around urinary bladder and joins seminal vesicle in prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Gland posterior to urinary bladder that joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
Secretes 60% of semen volume:
Fructose for sperm nutrition
Other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functions of seminal fluid

A

Stimulate uterine contraction
Suppress immune responses
Enhance sperm motility
Clot and liquify semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prostate gland

A

Gland that encircles prostatic urethra
Contains 20-30 tuboalveolar glands that secrete 25-30% of semen
Function to enhance sperm motility and semen clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Small gland inferior to prostate
Secretes mucus into spongy urethra during arousal that cleanses, regulates pH, and lubricates urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Path of sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Junction with seminal vesicles
Enters prostate
Ejaculatory duct
Junction with prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

21
Q

Female Reproductive System Functions

A

Produce gametes
Prepare for pregnancy to support embryo
Undergo changes based on menstrual cycle

22
Q

Ovaries

A

Almond-shaped organs that serve as site of follicle maturation and ovulation
Held in place by ligaments and mesenteries

23
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Follicular phase
Ovulation- Day 14
Luteal phase

24
Q

Follicular phase

A

Ovarian phase pre-ovulation
Oocyte undergoes meiosis and secretes hormones
Primary follicle contains oocyte and begin making estrogen
Oocyte divides, producing secondary follicle which produces estrogen and progesterone
Vesicular follicle develops with mature secondary oocyte

25
Q

Ovulation

A

Occurs on day 14 of ovarian and uterine cycles
Secondary oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity and is swept into the uterine tube by fimbriae

26
Q

Luteal phase

A

Ovarian cycle post-ovulation
Remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum which produces progesterone and some estrogen to control menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum degenerates

27
Q

Oogenesis

A

Primary oocytes are made during fetal period and arrested until puberty
Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis and becomes primary follicle
Only produces one viable oocyte, only completes meiosis II if fertilized

28
Q

Uterine tubes

A

Connect ovaries and uterus
End in fimbriae
Fertilization occurs in lateral third of uterine tube

29
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fingerlike projections at the end of uterine tubes that guide oocyte into uterine tubes

30
Q

Uterus

A

Pear-shaped organs intermediate to bladder and rectum
Ends inferior in cervix
Layers-
Myometrium (muscular layer)
Basal endometrium- Long lasting blood vessels
Functional endometrium- Highly vascular portion that builds and sheds during menstruation

31
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

Cycle of building and shedding endometrium that coordinates with ovarian cycle
Directed by pituitary hormones FSH and LH

32
Q

Uterine cycle Phases

A

Menstrual phase- Days 1-5: Stratum functionalis is shed
Proliferative phase- Days 6-14; Endometrial growth
Day 14- Ovulation occurs
Secretory phase- Days 15-28, endometrial growth continues

33
Q

Vagina

A

Entrance to female reproductive system
Serves as the birth canal
Intermediate to urethra and anus

34
Q

Mamillary glands

A

Breasts are modified sweat glands
Composed of adipose tissue and glandular structures that secrete milk after childbirth
Glandular structures are underdeveloped in non-pregnant people

35
Q

Events leading to fertilization

A

Sperm binds to zona pellucida on egg
Acrosomal reaction
Cortical reaction
Fertilization

36
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

Fusion of oocyte and sperm plasma membranes

37
Q

Cortical reaction

A

Enzymes secreted by oocyte prevent further sperm entry

38
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of gametes from sperm and egg

39
Q

Implantation

A

Occurs during days 7-16 after fertilization
Performed by syncytiotrophoblast- Secretes substances to regulate pregnancy that suppress T lymphocytes and other hormones

40
Q

Placenta

A

Site of exchange between fetal and maternal blood
Blood vessels come into close contact
Chorionic villi layers form barriers to diffusion of harmful molecules

41
Q

Parturition

A

Childbirth
Occurs 266 days after fertilization
Labor events expel infant from uterus

42
Q

Phases of parturition

A

Dilation- expansion of the cervix
Expulsion by contractions of uterine muscles
Placental phase- Placenta detaches and is expelled

43
Q

Testicular cancer

A

Impacts 1/50000 males; common in young and old
Arises from early-stage spermatogenic cells
Highly treatable by testis removal

44
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Slow-growing from peripheral glands
Risk factors include fatty diet and genetics

45
Q

Ovarian cancer

A

Arises from germinal epithelium
Increased risk with increased number of ovulation

46
Q

Cervical cancers

A

Caused by HPV
Slow growing from epithelium on the tip of cervix

47
Q

Breast cancers

A

Risk of long exposure to hormones
Treated with surgical removal of cancerous tissue or other therapies
May elect for hormone replacement

48
Q

Menstruation across the lifetime

A

Reproductive peak- Late 20s
Follicle degeneration increases around 35, shortens reproductive cycles
Age 46-54- Menopause

49
Q

Menopause

A

Ovulation and menstruation cease
Ovaries stop secreting estrogen
Reproductive organs and breasts begin to atrophy without hormones, reducing secondary sex characteristics

Human Anatomy (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions