Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Chapter 13- Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the neural tube develop into?

A

Brain ventricles and the aqueducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brain ventricles

A

Expansion of central cavity; gaps in the brain
4:
Lateral x2
Third- Within diencephalon
Fourth- Hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Tube between the 3rd and 4th Ventricle that runs through the midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the interventricular foramen?

A

The connection between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the median and lateral apertures?

A

Holes in the 4th ventricle that allows cerebrospinal fluid to escape and surround the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Path of Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

-Created in the choroid plexus of each ventricle
-Flows through the ventricles and central canal
-Escapes through the median and lateral apertures
-Flows through the subarachnoid space
-Enters arachnoid villi to dural venous sinus and reenters blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Protections of the Brain

A

Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Impermeable capillaries within the brain that prevent most toxins from entering the brain
-Tight junctions
-Not absolute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Meningeal Functions and Layers

A

Cover and protect CNS and enclose blood vessels
Dura mater- External
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater- Internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dura Mater

A

External and strongest meningeal layer
Sub-layers:
-Periosteal layer- Lines skull
-Meningeal layer- lines and subdivides brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dural sinus

A

Created when the sub-layers of the dura mater separate
Returns cerebrospinal fluid to blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Subdural space

A

Between dura mater and arachnoid mater
Usually absent
Site of brain hematomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle meningeal layer
Contain arachnoid villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

Projections through the dura mater into the dural sinus that allows CSF to pass into sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Site of CSF and blood vessels that supply brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pia mater

A

Most internal meningeal layer
Clings to brain and follows all convolutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Regions of the brain and their contents

A

Cerebrum- Cortex and basal ganglia
Diencephalon- Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Brain stem- Midbrain, pons, medulla
Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How much of the brain’s mass is the cerebrum?

A

83%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Structural features of the brain

A

Fissures- Deep grooves that divide the brain
Sulci- Grooves on the cerebrum that divide lobes
Gyri- Ridges of brain matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Major fissures

A

Longitudinal fissure- Divide hemispheres
Transverse fissure- Separate cerebrum and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Major sulci

A

Central sulcus- Divide frontal and parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus- Divide parietal and occipital lobes
Lateral sulcus- Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary Motor cortex

A

Located on pre-central gyrus
Contains pyramidal cells that control motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pre-motor cortex

A

Anterior to pre-central gyrus
Controls complex movements and motor planning
Integrates with sensory feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located on post-central gyrus
Responsible for touch perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Association areas

A

Integrate sensory inputs with memories of past experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

Located posterior to post-central gyrus
Integrates touch information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Topographical organization of primary motor and somatosensory cortex

A

Corresponding body areas can be mapped onto brain tissue
Lower body areas are medial on brain
Large amount of neurons devoted to hands and face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Nucleus located deep in the cerebrum that receives cortical input to coordinate movements
Starts, stops, and regulates movement intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Located in temporal lobe
Ties meaning with word

30
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in premotor cortex
Plans motor speech production

31
Q

Lateralization of function

A

Left brain- Written and spoken language, numbers, reasoning
Right brain- Emotions, artistic and spacial skills
Contralateral control of body

32
Q

Types of Cerebral White Matter Tracts

A

Commissure
Association Fibers
Projection Fibers

33
Q

Commissures

A

Connect Left and Right hemispheres
Ex- Corpus callosum

34
Q

Association Fibers

A

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere

35
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Run vertically to and from cortex
Corona Radiata and Internal Capsule

36
Q

Corona Radiata

A

Projection fiber
Runs from the cortex to the thalamus

37
Q

Internal Capsule

A

Projection Fiber
Runs between thalamus and basal nuclei

38
Q

Diencephalon structures and location

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus
Surround the third ventricle

39
Q

Thalamus

A

80% of the diencephalon
Relay station for incoming sensory input
Organize, amplify, or tone down sensory signals

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Lies between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
Visceral control center
Receives optic nerve input

41
Q

Functions of the Hypothalamus

A

Control ANS
Emotional response via limbic system
Body temperature, hunger, thirst, behavior
Sleep-wake cycle
Endocrine system via pituitary gland
Memory formation

42
Q

Epithalamus

A

Forms roof of third ventricle
Controlled by hypothalamus
Contains pineal gland

43
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin
Controls sleep-wake cycle

44
Q

How is the Sleep-Wake cycle regulated?

A

1) The optic nerve sends visual information to the hypothalamus
2) The hypothalamus sends signals to the epithalamus
3) The epithalamus exerts control on the pineal gland
4) The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which induces sleep

45
Q

Midbrain

A

Surrounds cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral peduncles
Periaqueductal gray
Corpora quadrigemina
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus

46
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

Located in midbrain
Connection from brain stem to thalamus
Corticospinal tracts (motor control) runs through

47
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in midbrain
Responsible for fight-or-flight and visceral pain responses

48
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

Superior and inferior colliculi
Control visual and auditory reflexes

49
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Control visual reflexes

50
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Control auditory reflexes

51
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Site in the midbrain that produces dopamine
Linked with basal ganglia function

52
Q

Red nucleus

A

Part of reticular formation function in the midbrain

53
Q

Pons

A

Portion of brain stem that contains nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII
Trigeminal, abducens, and Facial nerves

54
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Portion of brain stem that is continuous with the spinal cord
Site of pyramidal decussation- Motor tracks cross over
Contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-XII
Reticular formation functions

55
Q

Medulla Oblongata Visceral Functions

A

Cardiac control center
Vasomotor center- Vasodilation and contriction
Medullary respiration center
Hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing

56
Q

Cerebellar Functions

A

Smooths and coordinates movements and maintains balance
Receives sensory input and adjusts movements
Ipsilateral control

57
Q

Cerebellar Anatomy

A

2 hemispheres
Folia- Ridges and Fissures- Grooves
3 Lobes:
Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular
Regions:
Cortical gray matter
Internal white matter
Deep cerebellar nuclei

58
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

Connect cerebellum to the brain stem
Superior- Midbrain
Middle- Pons
Inferior- Medulla

59
Q

Limbic System

A

Medial cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala
Emotional brain- Encodes, consolidates, and retrieves memories
Shift between thoughts and encodes pain as negative

60
Q

Reticular formation

A

Medulla, pons, and midbrain
Brain arousal via Reticular Activating System

61
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Maintains consciousness and alertness
Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep

62
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extends from foramen magnum to L1/L2

63
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Inferior end of spinal cord

64
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Connective tissue that connects spinal cord to coccyx

65
Q

Cauda equina

A

Nerve roots at the base of the spinal cord

66
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Anchor spinal cord to vertebrae

67
Q

Spinal cord grooves

A

Posterior median sulcus (superficial)
Anterior median fissure (deep)

68
Q

Spinal gray matter arrangement

A

H-Shaped
Gray commisure and horns
Anterior Horn- Motor Neurons
Lateral horn- Visceral motor
Posterior horn- Interneurons
Somatic- External
Visceral- Internal

69
Q

Spinal white matter

A

Ascending Fibers- Sensory
Descending Fibers- Motor
Commissural Fibers- Connections

70
Q

Ascending Pathways

A

Dorsal column- Discriminative touch
Spinothalamic- Pain and temperature
Posterior and Anterior Spinocerebellar- Subconscious proprioception

71
Q

Pyramidal (Corticospinal) Pathway

A

Controls skeletal muscle control
-Pyramidal cells in pre-central gyrus
-Corona radiata
-Internal capsule
-Cerebral peduncles
-Pyramids of medulla
-Decussation
-Descending Corticospinal tract

72
Q

Other Descending pathways

A

Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal

Human Anatomy (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions