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Human Anatomy > Chapter 16- Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Sense of Taste

A

Gustation
Utilize taste receptors on surface of the tongue

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2
Q

Basic Qualities of Taste

A

Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Umami

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3
Q

Taste Buds

A

Collection of 50-100 epithelial receptor cells
Found in tongue papillae

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4
Q

Gustation Pathway

A

Facial nerve- Anterior 2/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve- Post. 1/3
Vagus nerve- Epiglottis and lower pharynx
Pathway:
Solitary nucleus in medulla
Thalamus (Ventral posteromedial nucleus)
Parietal cortex

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5
Q

Sense of Smell

A

Olfaction
Bipolar receptor cells bind to chemicals to illicit response and synapse with olfactory bulb
Travel through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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6
Q

Olfactory Pathway

A

Bipolar receptor cell
Olfactory bulb
Mitral cell
Olfactory tract

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7
Q

Functions of the Eye

A

Protect and support photoreceptors
Gather, focus, and process light

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8
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Most external layer of the eye
Cornea and Sclera

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9
Q

Cornea

A

Fibrous tunic anterior 1/6th of eye
Transparent layer that bends light
Avascular and very sensitive

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10
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Anterior end of cornea

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11
Q

Sclera

A

Fibrous tunic posterior 5/6th of eye
White, opaque region
Provides shape and attachment point for muscles

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12
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Middle layer of the eye
Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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13
Q

Choroid

A

Vascular tunic posterior 5/6th of eye
Vascular, darkly pigmented membrane
Reduce scattering light
Provides support

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14
Q

Ciliary body

A

Vascular tunic anterior 1/6th
Thickened ring of tissue surrounding lens
Contains ciliary muscles
Produce Aqueous humor

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15
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A

Manipulate the shape of the lens to focus light on the retina
Contracting muscles relaxes lens

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16
Q

Iris

A

Visible colored part of the eye
Attached to ciliary body
Composed of smooth muscles that control pupil size

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17
Q

Iris muscles

A

Sphincter pupillae muscle- Limit light
Dilator pupillae muscle- Increase light

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18
Q

Sensory Tunic

A

Deepest layer of the eye
Retina

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19
Q

Retina

A

Sensory tunic
Houses photoreceptors
Notable locations:
Macula lutea and fovea centralis- High photoreceptor density

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20
Q

Anterior Segment of Eye

A

Anterior 1/6th
Anterior and Posterior Chambers:
In front of and behind iris
Filled with aqueous humor

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21
Q

Path of aqueous humor

A

Produced by ciliary bodies in posterior chamber
Circulate through anterior segment
Return to blood by scleral venous sinus in anterior chamber

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22
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Blood filtrate that supplies nutrients to lens and cornea

23
Q

Posterior segment

A

Posterior 5/6th of eye
Filled wit vitreous humor- Thick substance that transmits light and maintains intraocular pressure

24
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors more sensitive to light
Provides black and white vision in dim light

25
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors that work best in bright light
Provide clear, color vision
3 types- red, blue, and green

26
Q

Lens

A

Biconcave disc that changes shape to focus light on retina

27
Q

Cataracts

A

Clouding of lens due to inadequate nutrition

28
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
Caused by eyeball being too long

29
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
Caused by eyeball being too short

30
Q

Optic nerve

A

Connects eye to optic chiasm

31
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Site of crossing over of visual pathways

32
Q

Optic tract

A

Connects optic chiasm to thalamus

33
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Nucleus in thalamus responsible for transmitting visual information

34
Q

Optic radiation

A

Fibers that transmit information from thalamus to visual cortex

35
Q

External ear

A

Auricle
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane

36
Q

Middle Ear

A

Tympanic cavity
Ossicles
Pharyngotympanic tube

37
Q

Inner ear

A

Semicircular canals
Vestibule
Cochlea

38
Q

Auricle (pinna)

A

Visible, external portion of the ear that directs sound

39
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Membrane that forms the border between the external and middle ears
Transmits sound to ossicles

40
Q

Tympanic cavity

A

Hollow space in petrous portion of temporal bone

41
Q

Ossicles

A

Bones in middle ear that amplify sound waves
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)

42
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

“Eustachian” or “Auditory” tube
Connect middle ear and pharynx to regulate pressure

43
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Contain semicircular ducts
Responsible for detecting rotational acceleration

44
Q

Vestibule

A

Contain utricle and saccule
Responsible for detecting head position and linear acceleration

45
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid continuous with cerebrospinal fluid that fills the bony labyrinth in inner ear

46
Q

Endolymph

A

Fluid in membranous labyrinth that assists detection of hearing or equilibrium

47
Q

Macula

A

Site of sensory epithelium within the utricle and saccule
Contains hair cells
Covered with otolithic membrane and otoliths that move with the force of gravity and bend hair cells

48
Q

Crista ampullaris

A

Site of sensory reception within semicircular canals
Contain cupula surrounding hair cells
When rotating, endolymph flows and distorts cupula, stimulating hair cells

49
Q

Parts of the Cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli- Connected to oval window
Cochlear duct (scala media)
Scala tympani- Connected to round window

50
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Houses organ of corti- Site of hair cells
Basement membrane under organ of corti moves with vibration and pushes hair cells into tectorial membrane

51
Q

Pathway of sound through ear

A

Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Oval window
Scala vestibuli
Cochlear duct
Scala tympani
Round window

52
Q

Equilibrium pathway

A

Vestibular branch of Cranial Nerve VIII
Transmits information of head position and movement
Goes to lower brain centers and reflex centers

53
Q

Ascending Auditory Pathway

A

Cochlear Branch of Cranial Nerve VIII
Bipolar neurons
-Superior olivary nucleus in medulla
-Lateral lemniscus to inferior colliculi
-Medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus
-Primary Auditory Cortex (temporal lobe)

Human Anatomy (23 decks)

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