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Human Anatomy > Chapter 23- Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 23- Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Digestive System

A

Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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2
Q

Peritoneum

A

Abdominal serous membrane
Visceral- Lines organs
Parietal- Lines cavity walls

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3
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum
Functions-
Hold organs in place
Fat storage
Route for blood vessels and nerves

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4
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Those behind the peritoneum
Are not connected by a mesentery
Kidneys, pancreas, duodenum

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5
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Digestive tube that runs though the body
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines

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6
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A

Assist in digestion
Teeth and tongue
Glands- Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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7
Q

Layers of the Alimentary Canal

A

Internal-
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
External

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8
Q

Mucosa

A

The innermost layer of the alimentary canal
Components-
Epithelium (absorption or secretion) and glands
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae (local movements)

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9
Q

Lamina propria

A

Connective tissue portion of mucosa
Contains capillary beds and MALT

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10
Q

Submucosa

A

2nd layer of the alimentary canal
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Has elastic fibers for stretching and collapsing

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11
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Contains the muscular portion of the alimentary canal
Circular muscularis
Longitudinal muscularis

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12
Q

Circular muscularis

A

Sphincter-like muscle within the alimentary canal
Performs peristalsis and segmentation

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscular action that is the major means of propulsion
Adjacent rings of muscle relax and contract to push bolus

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14
Q

Segmentation

A

Rhythmic local muscle contractions of non-adjacent segments that mix food and digestive juices

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15
Q

Longitudinal muscularis

A

Muscle that runs the length of the alimentary canal
Contraction shortens the overall tube length

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16
Q

Serosa

A

Most external layer of the alimentary canal
Forms the visceral peritoneum

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17
Q

Nerve plexuses serving the alimentary canal

A

Myenteric nerve plexus- Muscularis externa
Submucosal nerve plexus- Serves muscularis mucosae and glands

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18
Q

Oral cavity

A

Start of alimentary canal
Mucosa is stratified squamous
Muscle portion is made of orbicularis oris and buccinator

19
Q

Labial frenulum

A

Connects lips to gums

20
Q

Palate

A

Forms superior portion of the mouth

21
Q

Tongue

A

Interlacing fascicles of muscles
Responsible for gripping and repositioning food, taste, and speech production

22
Q

Teeth

A

Assist in tearing food and beginning of mechanical digestion
Deciduous teeth (20) appear at 6 months- 2 years
Permanent teeth (32) erupt by adolescence

23
Q

Salivary glands

A

Tubuloalveoral glands that produce saliva
3 pairs-
Parotid (by ear)
Sublingual
Submandibular

24
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Moisten mouth
Dissolve food for taste
Neutralize acid
Kill microorganisms
Begin starch digestion

25
Q

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

Passageway for air and food
Mucosa made of stratified squamous
Muscle layers are skeletal muscles-
Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

26
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach; passes through diaphragm
Mucosa- Stratified squamous with mucous glands for lubrication
Muscularis Externa- Transitions from skeletal to smooth muscle 1/3 of way through
Serosa- Called adventitia while in thoracic cavity

27
Q

Stomach

A

Storage point of food
Anatomical features-
Fundus- Superior point
Lesser curvature- Inside, connects to lesser omentum
Greater curvature- Outside, connects to greater omentum
Pyloric end- Distal end of stomach
Pyloric sphincter- Closed end of stomach

28
Q

Functions of the Stomach

A

Mechanical digestion- Churns food into chyme
Start of protein digestion
Absorption of water, fluids, and alcohol

29
Q

Layers of the stomach

A

Muscularis externa- Additional oblique layer that assists in churning
Mucosa- Simple cuboidal; gastric pits

30
Q

Gastric pits

A

Pockets within stomach lining
Gastric glands- Contain enteroendocrine cells that secrete gut hormones
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
Lined with parietal cells- secrete HCl

31
Q

Pepsin cycle

A

Chief cell- Secretes pepsinogen in gastric pit
Pepsinogen travels out of gastric pit past parietal cell
Parietal cell secretes HCL
HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsin enters lumen of stomach and begins protein breakdown

32
Q

Small intestine

A

Longest portion of the alimentary canal
Duodenum- Receives digestive enzymes and bile
Jejunum
Ileum

33
Q

Layers of the Small intestine

A

Mucosa-
Villi- Projections of mucosa with simple columnar, capillary beds, and lymph vessels
Microvilli- Cilia that increase surface area and secrete enzymes
Submucosa- Transverse ridges form circular folds that slow food for increased digestion

34
Q

Cells in the small intestine

A

Absorptive cells
Goblet cells- Secrete mucus
Enteroendocrine cells
Intestinal crypts- Secrete intestinal juices

35
Q

Large Intestine

A

Cecum- First portion; blind pouch for fecal storage
Appendix- Offshoot that contains lymphoid tissue
Colon
Rectum- Descends along inferior septum
Anal canal

36
Q

Segments of the Colon

A

Ascending, Transverse, Descending, and Sigmoid
Muscle tone creates pockets called haustrum

37
Q

Functions of the Large Intestine

A

Small amounts of digestion
Absorb water and electrolytes
Mass peristaltic movement of feces

38
Q

Layers of the Large Intestine

A

Mucosa- No villi
Many goblet cells for lubrication
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous in anal canal

39
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland in the body that performs many metabolic functions and produces bile

40
Q

Liver Anatomy

A

4 lobes- Left, right, caudate (posterior) and quadrate
Hepatic artery feed liver oxygenated blood
Hepatic portal veins supply blood for filtration from small intestine
Hepatic veins empty filtered blood to vena cava
Hepatic ducts drain bile from liver to gallbladder

41
Q

Bile Functions

A

Emulsifies fats for absorption by lymph ducts

42
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile
Connected to liver by cystic duct
Connected to duodenum by common bile duct

43
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine functions to regulate blood sugar with insulin and glucagon
Exocrine functions:
Acinar cells produce and store pancreatic enzymes
Enzymes travel through pancreatic duct to duodenum and promote digestion

Human Anatomy (23 decks)

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