Chapter 19- Heart

Question 1

Tissue Layers of the Heart

Answer 1

External
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 2

Epicardium

Answer 2

Epithelial tissue lining the outside of the heart
Also considered visceral serous pericardium
Lines outside surface of heart

Question 3

Myocardium

Answer 3

Cardiac muscle responsible for pumping blood through vessels
Arranged in circular and spiral patterns

Question 4

Endocardium

Answer 4

Endothelium lining internal heart walls
Reduces friction of blood flow

Question 5

Pericardium

Answer 5

Cavity surrounding the heart filled with serous fluid
Two layers- Fibrous and serous

Question 6

Fibrous Pericardium

Answer 6

Dense connective tissue forming the fibrous sac surrounding the heart

Question 7

Serous pericardium

Answer 7

Pericardial cavity surrounding the heart
Parietal layer- Lines fibrous pericardial sac
Visceral layer- Lines heart

Question 8

Atria

Answer 8

Superior heart chambers
Thin walls
Receive blood from veins

Question 9

Ventricles

Answer 9

Inferior heart chambers
Thick, muscular walls
Forceful contractions push blood throughout the body

Question 10

Heart septa

Answer 10

Divide internal chambers of the heart
Interatrial and interventricular septa

Question 11

Coronary sulcus

Answer 11

External division between atria and ventricles
Contain coronary blood vessels

Question 12

Interventricular sulci

Answer 12

External divisions between ventricles
Anterior and Posterior forms
Contain coronary blood vessels

Question 13

Heart Valve function

Answer 13

Prevent backflow and mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
Formed of endocardium with connective tissue core
Held in place by papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

Question 14

Heart valve names

Answer 14

Right AV valve- Tricuspid
Right Semilunar- Pulmonary
Left AV valve- Mitral (bicuspid)
Left semilunar- Aortic

Question 15

Path of blood

Answer 15

Vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atria
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena cava

Question 16

What is normal heartrate?

Answer 16

70-80 bpm

Question 17

Systole

Answer 17

Contraction (pumping)

Question 18

Diastole

Answer 18

Expansion (rest)

Question 19

What are heart sounds caused by?

Answer 19

The closing of valves within the heart
Lub- AV valves; Start of ventricular systole
Dup- Semilunar valves; End of systole

Question 20

Where can you hear the heart valves?

Answer 20

Pulmonary- Superior left
Aortic- Superior right
Mitral- Apex (inferior left)
Tricuspid- Inferior right

Question 21

Sinoatrial node

Answer 21

Cardiac pacemaker
Fastest depolarizing cell in right atrium
Generates impulses that controls rate of contraction at rest

Question 22

Atrioventricular node

Answer 22

Node between atria and ventricles that pauses impulse to control heart timing
Gives atria time to empty into ventricles

Question 23

Atrioventricular bundle

Answer 23

Distributes impulse from atria to ventricles
Runs through interventricular septum

Question 24

What fibers innervate the heart?

Answer 24

Visceral sensory
Parasympathetic (vagus) nerves- Slow heart rate
Sympathetic- Increase heart rate and force

Question 25

Coronary blood vessels

Answer 25

Vessels that serve the heart itself
Arise from the ascending aorta
Run through sulci on heart surface

Question 26

Congenital Heart Defects

Answer 26

Ventricular septal defect
Coarctation of Aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 27

Ventricular septal defect

Answer 27

Hole in interventricular septum that allows for mixing of ventricular blood

Question 28

Coarctation of the Aorta

Answer 28

Narrowing of aorta
Increases force needed for contraction and blood pressure

Question 29

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 29

Narrowed pulmonary trunk
Hypertrophied right ventricle
Ventricular septal defect
Aorta opens from both ventricles