Chapter 22- Respiratory System Flashcards
4 Processes of Respiration
Pulmonary ventilation- Air in and out of lungs
External respiration- Diffusion between air and blood
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration- Diffusion between blood and tissues
Respiratory system functions
Supply tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
Conducting zone
Responsible for ventilation and maintaining airway
Nose & Related structures
Pharynx
Larynx
Tranchea
Major bronchi
Feature supportive connective tissue, epithelia with cilia and mucus, and smooth muscle to regulate airflow
Respiratory zone
Site of gas exchange
Alveoli and terminal bronchioles
Respiratory mucosa
Lines nasal cavity
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium- Secrete mucus and lysozyme
Lamina propria- Connective tissue, also secretes mucus
Cilia- Move contaminated mucus posterior
Nose functions
Provide airway
Moisten, warm, and filter inhaled air
Resonating chamber for speech
House olfactory receptors
Features of nasal cavity
External nares divided by septum
Nasal conchae- Medial projections from lateral nasal wall that create turbulence to deflect incoming particles into mucosa
Paranasal sinuses- Spaces within skull
Pharynx
Funnel-shaped passageway that connects nasal cavity to mouth and larynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Continuous with nasal cavity, closed off during swallowing by soft palate
Passage for only air, lined with pseudostratified epithelium
Contains auditory tube and pharyngeal tonsils
Oropharynx
Portion from soft palate to epiglottis
Contains stratified squamous epithelium
Contains palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Divides into esophagus and larynx to route food and air
Larynx functions
Maintain open airway
Voice production
Route air and food into proper channels
Larynx structure
Cartilaginous structure with C-shaped rings and vocal folds to produce speech
Contraction of vocal folds changes pitch
Force of air changes volume
Innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerves from vagus nerve
Trachea
Airway that descends into the mediastinum
Connects larynx to primary bronchi
Composed of C-Shaped cartilage to maintain airway
Carina
Bottom portion of trachea that splits into primary bronchi
Bronchial tree
Branching respiratory pathway
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles- Small bronchi
Terminal bronchioles- Last portion of conducting zone
Primary bronchi
Serve entire lungs, one on each side
Right primary bronchi is wider, shorter, and steeper than left
Secondary bronchi
Serve lobes of lungs
Right lung- 3 lobes
Left lung- 2 Lobes
Tertiary bronchi
Serve lung segments
A differing pattern of branching for right and left lungs
Respiratory zone
Contains air-exchanging structures
Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles
Branches of terminal bronchioles that lead to alveolar ducts and sacs
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Type 1 cells- Very thin and promote diffusion
Type 2 cells- cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete surfactant
Surrounded by elastic fibers and connected by alveolar pores
Contain macrophages
Pleurae
Double-layered sac surrounding each lung that divides the thoracic cavity
Gross anatomy of lungs
Apex- Top point fills superior thoracic cavity
Base lie on diaphragm
Blood supplied by pulmonary blood vessels
Innervated by visceral sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nerves
Mechanism for inspiration
Increase volume of thoracic cavity
Diaphragm flattens
Intercostal muscles raise ribs
Deep inspiration activates neck and back muscles
Mechanism for expiration
Mostly passive
Inspiratory muscles relax-
Diaphragm moves up and volume is decreases
Forced expiration contracts oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
Control of ventilation
Baseline respiration- Controlled by reticular formation in medulla oblongata
Chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies and medulla detect oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid concentrations
Bronchial asthma
Allergic inflammation to irritants or stress that cause contraction of bronchioles and secretion of mucus
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Obstructive emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Difficulty in airflow into and out of lungs
Increased risk with chronic smoking
Effects of aging on respiratory systems
Reduces amount of mucus and elasticity within lungs
