Chapter 22- Respiratory System

Question 1

4 Processes of Respiration

Answer 1

Pulmonary ventilation- Air in and out of lungs
External respiration- Diffusion between air and blood
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration- Diffusion between blood and tissues

Question 2

Respiratory system functions

Answer 2

Supply tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

Question 3

Conducting zone

Answer 3

Responsible for ventilation and maintaining airway
Nose & Related structures
Pharynx
Larynx
Tranchea
Major bronchi
Feature supportive connective tissue, epithelia with cilia and mucus, and smooth muscle to regulate airflow

Question 4

Respiratory zone

Answer 4

Site of gas exchange
Alveoli and terminal bronchioles

Question 5

Respiratory mucosa

Answer 5

Lines nasal cavity
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium- Secrete mucus and lysozyme
Lamina propria- Connective tissue, also secretes mucus
Cilia- Move contaminated mucus posterior

Question 6

Nose functions

Answer 6

Provide airway
Moisten, warm, and filter inhaled air
Resonating chamber for speech
House olfactory receptors

Question 7

Features of nasal cavity

Answer 7

External nares divided by septum
Nasal conchae- Medial projections from lateral nasal wall that create turbulence to deflect incoming particles into mucosa
Paranasal sinuses- Spaces within skull

Question 8

Pharynx

Answer 8

Funnel-shaped passageway that connects nasal cavity to mouth and larynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 9

Nasopharynx

Answer 9

Continuous with nasal cavity, closed off during swallowing by soft palate
Passage for only air, lined with pseudostratified epithelium
Contains auditory tube and pharyngeal tonsils

Question 10

Oropharynx

Answer 10

Portion from soft palate to epiglottis
Contains stratified squamous epithelium
Contains palatine and lingual tonsils

Question 11

Laryngopharynx

Answer 11

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Divides into esophagus and larynx to route food and air

Question 12

Larynx functions

Answer 12

Maintain open airway
Voice production
Route air and food into proper channels

Question 13

Larynx structure

Answer 13

Cartilaginous structure with C-shaped rings and vocal folds to produce speech
Contraction of vocal folds changes pitch
Force of air changes volume
Innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerves from vagus nerve

Question 14

Trachea

Answer 14

Airway that descends into the mediastinum
Connects larynx to primary bronchi
Composed of C-Shaped cartilage to maintain airway

Question 15

Carina

Answer 15

Bottom portion of trachea that splits into primary bronchi

Question 16

Bronchial tree

Answer 16

Branching respiratory pathway
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles- Small bronchi
Terminal bronchioles- Last portion of conducting zone

Question 17

Primary bronchi

Answer 17

Serve entire lungs, one on each side
Right primary bronchi is wider, shorter, and steeper than left

Question 18

Secondary bronchi

Answer 18

Serve lobes of lungs
Right lung- 3 lobes
Left lung- 2 Lobes

Question 19

Tertiary bronchi

Answer 19

Serve lung segments
A differing pattern of branching for right and left lungs

Question 20

Respiratory zone

Answer 20

Contains air-exchanging structures
Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 21

Respiratory bronchioles

Answer 21

Branches of terminal bronchioles that lead to alveolar ducts and sacs

Question 22

Alveoli

Answer 22

Site of gas exchange
Type 1 cells- Very thin and promote diffusion
Type 2 cells- cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete surfactant
Surrounded by elastic fibers and connected by alveolar pores
Contain macrophages

Question 23

Pleurae

Answer 23

Double-layered sac surrounding each lung that divides the thoracic cavity

Question 24

Gross anatomy of lungs

Answer 24

Apex- Top point fills superior thoracic cavity
Base lie on diaphragm
Blood supplied by pulmonary blood vessels
Innervated by visceral sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nerves

Question 25

Mechanism for inspiration

Answer 25

Increase volume of thoracic cavity
Diaphragm flattens
Intercostal muscles raise ribs
Deep inspiration activates neck and back muscles

Question 26

Mechanism for expiration

Answer 26

Mostly passive
Inspiratory muscles relax-
Diaphragm moves up and volume is decreases
Forced expiration contracts oblique and transverse abdominal muscles

Question 27

Control of ventilation

Answer 27

Baseline respiration- Controlled by reticular formation in medulla oblongata
Chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies and medulla detect oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid concentrations

Question 28

Bronchial asthma

Answer 28

Allergic inflammation to irritants or stress that cause contraction of bronchioles and secretion of mucus

Question 29

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 29

Obstructive emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Difficulty in airflow into and out of lungs
Increased risk with chronic smoking

Question 30

Effects of aging on respiratory systems

Answer 30

Reduces amount of mucus and elasticity within lungs