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Biology 5 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three varieties of muscle tissue

A

skeletal - striated - voluntary
cardiac - striated - involuntary - autorhythmic (create own rhythm)
smooth - non-striated - involuntary - lines digestive tract

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2
Q

name the four functions of the muscle tissue (please stop staring pervert)

A

producing body movements
stabilizing body positions
storing and moving substances within the body
producing heat

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3
Q

which variety of muscle moves blood and maintains blood pressure

A

cardiac

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4
Q

which variety of muscle moves or stabilizes the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, generates heat, and protects internal organs

A

skeletal

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5
Q

which variety of muscle moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways and regulates diameter of blood vessels

A

smooth

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6
Q

which layer of connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle

A

epimysium

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7
Q

which layer of connective tissue surrounds the bundle of muscle cells called a fascicle

A

perimysium

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8
Q

which layer of connective tissue surrounds each individual muscle cell

A

endomysium

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9
Q

when all three layers of muscle connective tissue converge at each end what do they form

A

a tendon

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10
Q

surrounded by epimysium; contains muscle fascicles

A

muscle

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11
Q

surrounded by perimysium; contains muscle fibers

A

fascicles

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12
Q

surrounded by endomysium; contains myofibrils (also called muscle fibers)

A

muscle cells (muscle fibers)

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13
Q

contains thick myofilaments and thin myofilaments

A

sarcomere

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14
Q

consists of two kinds of proteins; filaments thin and thick

A

myofilaments

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15
Q

what are the two kinds of filaments

A

actin - thin filament like beads on a string

myosin - thick filament, with a large golf-club like head

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16
Q 
arrange the following terms in order from largest to smallest
myofilaments
muscle cell
muscle
sarcomere
fascicle
myofibril
A 
muscle
fascicle
muscle cell
myofibril
sarcomere
myofilament
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17
Q

surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of sarcomeres from z-line to z-line

A

myofibrils

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18
Q

the name of the mechanism that represents a muscle contracts when actin slides along myosin shortening the sarcomere

A

sliding filament mechanism

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19
Q

which step in the contraction cycle is this:

myosin head breaks an atp, and stores the energy released

A

step 1: cocking

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20
Q

which step in the contraction cycle is this:

myosin binds actin

A

step 2: cross-bridge formation

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21
Q

which step in the contraction cycle is this:

stored energy from ATP splitting causes myosin head to bend and pulls actin towards midline

A

step 3: powerstroke

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22
Q

which step in the contraction cycle is this:

myosin releases from actin after binding a new ATP

A

step 4: release or binding ATP and detaching

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23
Q

how is a muscle contraction initiated?

A

by a signal from a neuron which releases acetylcholine

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24
Q

connection between a motor neuron and muscle cell is called what?

A

a neuromuscular junction

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25
Q

where is acetylcholine released?

A

at the neuromuscular junction -

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26
Q

what happens when acetylcholine is released at the NMJ?

A

cell receptors bind to the acetylcholine and send an electrical impulse along the plasma membrane

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27
Q

what n the path the electrical impulse travels

A

travels along the membrane, down T-tubules, to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

what is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is activated

A

channels open and release calcium ions stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the muscle cell

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29
Q

what do calcium ions bind to

A

troponin

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30
Q

what do the troponin do

A

troponin moves the tropomyosin exposing a myosin binding site

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31
Q

when the myosin binding site is opened what happens

A

the contracting cycle begins with the myosin head attaching to the actin and pulling it towards the midline

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32
Q

describe the 6 steps involved to release calcium and initiate a muscle contraction

A

1) the brain sends a message to a neuron to release acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), muscle cell receptors bind to the acetylcholine and send the message down the muscle cell membrane to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
2) the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions which bind to troponin and change the tropomyosin which causes it to move away from the myosin binding sites on actin.
3) ATP is converted to ADP and myosin stores the energy released by moving into a cocked position
4) cross bridges are formed when the cocked myosin head attaches and the exposed myosin binding site on the actin
5) the myosin then powerstrokes pulling the actin toward the midline of the sarcomere
6) a new ATP attached to the myosin which causes the myosin head to release from the actin and the whole cycle begins again

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33
Q

what makes up the neuromuscular junction

A

the synaptic end bulb and the motor end plate

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34
Q

what molecule does the calcium bind to

A

troponin

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35
Q

what molecule covers actin binding sites

A

tropomyosin

36
Q

what are the four steps in relaxation

A

1) nerve impulse stops
2) acetylcholine is removed from NMJ
3) calcium is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
4) tropomyosin returns to its original position (myosin cannot bind to actin, muscle relaxes)

37
Q

an auto immune disorder caused by the immune system attacking the ACH receptors on the motor end plate causing a much weaker muscle contraction, the muscle receptors become more degraded as the disease progresses.

A

myasthenia gravis - symptoms are muscle fatigue and weakness and usually affects the facial muscles. Treatment - drugs to reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine.

38
Q

what is botox

A

a form of botulism toxin

39
Q

how does botox work

A

the toxin acts by blocking the release of acetylcholine s you get paralysis of the muscles.

40
Q

muscle contractions require a vast amount of what

A

ATP or energy

41
Q

what are the three ways our muscles get ATP

A

1) ATP is stored in the muscle cells (gone in 6 seconds)
2) Aerobic respiration - (oxygen) used for prolonged exercise
3) Anaerobic respiration - (no oxygen) - causes build up of lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue

42
Q

a nerve and all the muscle fibers it stimulates is called what

A

a motor unit

43
Q

what kind of motor units provide precise movements but not a lot of power

A

small motor units

44
Q

what kind of motor units provide a lot of power but less precise movements

A

large motor units

45
Q

using more and more and more motor units stimulating greater force is known as what

A

motor recruitment

46
Q

the quick shortening nd relaxing of a muscle from single action potential is known as what

A

a muscle twitch

47
Q

what are the three phases of a muscle twitch

A

1) latent period
2) contraction period
3) relaxation period

48
Q

the period after stimulus, but before contraction

A

latent period

49
Q

the period during which muscle contracts

A

contraction period

50
Q

the period during which muscle relaxes

A

relaxation period

51
Q

if another stimulus occurs before the muscle relaxes, repeatedly this is called what

A

wave summation

52
Q

if you have repeated muscle twitches without any relaxation period between the contractions what is this called

A

unfused tetanus

53
Q

if you have a sustained contraction (holding the contraction for the maximum amount of time) what is this called

A

fused tetanus

54
Q

when you have held a muscle in fused tetanus for as long as possible it results in what

A

muscle fatigue

55
Q

what are the three types of skeletal muscle cells

A

slow oxidative
fast glycolytic
fast oxidative-glycolytic

56
Q

this type of skeletal muscle cell is extremely fatigue resistant and does not tire out. It is red. It creates ATP with the presence of oxygen, and is found in the postural muscles of the back and neck

A

slow oxidative -
red
creates atp with the presence of oxygen
found in the postural muscles of back and neck

57
Q

this type of skeletal muscle cell makes ATP quickly but also fatigues easily, it is used for quick bursts of energy, It is white. It creates ATP without the presence of oxygen and is found in big muscles like quads. It can also be strengthened through training to increase the size and strength

A 
fast glycolytic
white
creates atp without oxygen
found in large muscles like quads
can be trained to increase strength and size
58
Q

this type of skeletal muscle cell are flexible and can create ATP with or without oxygen and is found everywhere in the body. It is also red.

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic
red
creates atp with or without oxygen
found everywhere in the body

59
Q

attachment of a tendon to the stationary or non-moving bone

A

origin

60
Q

attachment of a tendon to the movable bone

A

insertion

61
Q

main movements that occur during contraction - pulling on different bones

A

action

62
Q

the muscle that creates the action (bicep contracts pulling the forearm up)

A

prime mover

63
Q

helps the prime mover by contracting at the same time (biceps and brachioradialis)

A

synergistic muscles

64
Q

the muscle that opposes or has an opposite action - produces movement when one relaxes and the other contracts (most muscles, biceps & triceps, hamstrings & quads)

A

antagonistic muscles

65
Q

muscle that points toe

A

gastrocnemius

66
Q

muscle that opens eyes

A

orbicularis oculi

67
Q

muscle that elevates scapula

A

trapezius

68
Q

muscle that extends leg at knee joint (straightens knee)

A

quadriceps

69
Q

muscle that opens mouth

A

orbicularis oris

70
Q

muscle that moves thigh away from body

A

gluteus medius

71
Q

muscle that moves arm toward body

A

pectoralis major

72
Q

muscle that raises corners of the mouth (smiling)

A

zygomaticus

73
Q

muscle that extends forearm

A

triceps brachii

74
Q

muscle that flexes leg and knee joint (bends knee)

A

hamstrings

75
Q

muscle that flexes forearm

A

biceps brachii

76
Q

muscle that extends thigh

A

gluteus maximus

77
Q

muscle that moves arm away from body

A

deltoid

78
Q 
The space between an axon terminal and the sarcolemma is the
a - synaptic vesicle.
b - motor end plate.
c - motor unit.
d - synaptic cleft.
e - neuromuscular junction.
A

d - synaptic cleft.

79
Q 
Match the stage of the sliding filament mechanism to its events.
Cocking 
Crossbridge formation 
Powerstroke 
Detaching
A

Cocking - ATP is split and myosin heads reorient
Crossbridge formation - myosin binding sites on actin are bound by the myosin heads
Powerstroke - ADP is released and crossbridges move towards the center of the sarcomere
Detaching - ATP binds to the myosin head and myosin releases actin

80
Q 
The pigmented protein in the muscle fibers that stores oxygen is
a - melanin.
b - carotene.
c - hemoglobin.
d - myoglobin.
e - glycogen.
A

d - myoglobin.

81
Q 
The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
a - calcium.
b - acetylcholine.
c - adrenaline.
d - norepinephrine.
e - glycine.
A

b - acetylcholine.

82
Q 
Which skeletal muscle structure is largest?
a - Sarcomere
b - Fascicle
c - Myofibril
d - Myofilament
A

b - Fascicle

83
Q 
Which of the following is/are striated and involuntary?
a - skeletal muscle
b - skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
c - skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
d - cardiac muscle
e - smooth muscle
A

d - cardiac muscle

84
Q

Put these events in order:

Tropomyosin changes shape
The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
Myosin binding sites on actin are exposed
Troponin binds to calcium
a - 2, 4, 1, 3
b - 1, 3, 2, 4
c - 1, 2, 3, 4
d - 2, 3, 4, 1
A

a - 2, 4, 1, 3

85
Q 
In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, muscle force is increased when the contraction period overlaps the relaxation period.
a - latency
b - recruitment
c - wave summation
d - unfused tetanus
A

c - wave summation

86
Q 
Match the muscle with its description or action.
Closes the eyes 
Flexes the trunk 
Extends the forearm 
Extend the leg at the knee 
Points the toe
A 
Closes the eyes - orbicularis oculi
Flexes the trunk - rectus abdominis
Extends the forearm - triceps brachii
Extend the leg at the knee - rectus femoris
Points the toe - gastrocnemius

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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