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Biology 5 > chap 2 (bio 5) > Flashcards

chap 2 (bio 5) Flashcards

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1
Q

all matter is created from ________, substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

A

elements

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2
Q

one or two letters that designate a particular chemical element

A

atomic symbol

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3
Q

number of protons is designated by

A

atomic number

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4
Q

how much the element weighs including protons neutrons and electrons

A

mass number

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5
Q

the functional unit of an element

A

atoms

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6
Q

the part of the atom that contains protons and neutrons

A

nucleus

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7
Q

these spin in shells around the nucleus and have a negative charge they can be transferred from one element to another or shared to form a bond

A

electron

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8
Q

these are found in the nucleus and have a positive charge

A

proton

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9
Q

these are found in the nucleus and have neither negative or positive charges they are neutral

A

neutron

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10
Q

an atom that has either given up or gained electrons

A

ions

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11
Q

an ion that has lost an electron is

A

positively charged

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12
Q

an ion that has gained an electron is

A

negatively charged

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13
Q

an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 5 electrons would be

A

positively charged

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14
Q

an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons would be

A

neutral

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15
Q

an atom that has 5 protons, 6 neutron, and 6 electrons

A

negatively charged

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16
Q

this type of bond shares electrons and is the strongest and most common type of bond.

A

covalent bond

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17
Q

can form single, double, or triple bonds by sharing electrons in pairs

A

covalent bond

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18
Q

there are two types of covalent bonds what are they

A

polar and non polar

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19
Q

I am a bond which has shared my electrons unequally, what am I

A

a polar covalent bond

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20
Q

I am a bond which has shared my electrons equally, what am I

A

a nonpolar covalent bond

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21
Q

I am a bond that is transferring my electrons what am I

A

ionic bonds

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22
Q

there are two types of ionic bonds what are they

A

cation + and anion -

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23
Q

what does it mean that opposites attract

A

positive and negative are drawn together

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24
Q

I am the weakest bond, I am made by an attraction between polar molecules what am I

A

a hydrogen bond

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25
Q

give examples of a hydrogen bond

A

H2O, amino acids in a protein, DNA

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26
Q

A ______ _______ occurs when new bonds are formed or broken

A

chemical reaction

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27
Q

capacity to do work

A

energy

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28
Q

there are two types of energy what are they

A

Potential energy - stored energy that is not moving

Kinetic energy - energy that is moving or in motion

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29
Q

_______ are created through chemical reactions.

A

bonds and a change in energy when you break a bond you now have energy that can be used

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30
Q

two or more molecules that come together to form a new, larger molecule A + B = AB

A

synthesis reaction

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31
Q

this synthesis or building up of molecules is called

A

anabolism

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32
Q

a molecule is breaking down or splitting apart and becoming more than one AB= A & B

A

decomposition reaction

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33
Q

this decomposition or breaking down of molecules is called

A

catabolism

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34
Q

what happens to the energy when you break apart a bond

A

some of it is stored in ATP adenosine triphosphate

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35
Q

a very very common type of reaction is when you take two bonded together molecules and switch those partners this is called > AB + CD = AD + CB

A

exchange reaction

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36
Q

this type of reaction contains both synthesis and decomposition because you break up pairs and then shuffle then and put them back together to make new pairs

A

exchange reaction

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37
Q

If a reaction can go both ways, it can be broken down and then be put back together under the proper conditions it is called

A

a reversible reaction and is symbolized with a double arrow pointing in opposite directions

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38
Q

_______ is essential for life!!!

A

water

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39
Q

What are the properties of water

A

water is an excellent solvent
water participates in chemical reactions
water absorbs and releases heat very slowly
water requires a large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas
water serves as a lubricant

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40
Q

what is waters role in catabolism

A

hydrolysis - it breaks things down

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41
Q

what is waters role in anabolism

A

dehydration synthesis - when you put things back together you get back the water

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42
Q

how is water a solvent

A

it dissolves solutes

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43
Q

what kind of substances can dissolve in water

A

polar substances hydrophilic substances things that love water because like dissolves like

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44
Q

what kinds of substances cannot dissolve in water

A

non-polar substances, they are hydrophobic they fear water, they have opposite chemical properties like oil & water

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45
Q

what is the name for substances that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

amphipathic

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46
Q

what types of substances dissolve well in water

A

sugar, salt

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47
Q

what kinds of substances do not dissolve well in water

A

oils, fats

48
Q

__ is a measure of how many hydrogen ions are floating around in a liquid

A

PH

49
Q

I donate a proton in a solution, and release hydrogen (H+) ions

A

acid

50
Q

I accept protons

A

base

51
Q

I have a lower hydrogen concentration and a higher number on the PH scale <7

A

basic or alkaline

52
Q

I have a higher hydrogen concentration and a lower number on the PH scale >7

A

acidic

53
Q

what does the term logarithmic refer to on the PH scale

A

that each increase or decrease is done by a factor of 10

54
Q

I am neutral on the ph scale what is my number

A

around 7

55
Q

any substance that resists change in the PH of a solution; makes you stay in neutral by keeping you from getting to high or to low in Ph;

A

buffers

56
Q

I present as pairs of molecules that have opposite effects; one can donate a proton and one can accept a proton

A

buffer

57
Q

the most prominent buffer system in the human body

A

Bicarbonate Buffer System

58
Q

How does a Bicarbonate Buffer System work?

A

It acts as a base and can either accept or donate a proton to maintain balance. for example when blood is too acidic it has too many protons so the bicarbonate accepts a proton, if its too basic it lacks protons so bicarbonate donates a proton

59
Q

This type of molecule contains carbon

A

organic molecules

60
Q

If I am an organic molecule what do I contain

A

carbon

61
Q

there are 4 types of organic molecules what are they

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

62
Q

what is the composition of carbohydrate

A

C,H,O - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

63
Q

what is the structure of carbohydrates

A

ring

64
Q

give an example of carbohydrates

A

sugar, glucose, starch, sucrose, lactose

65
Q

what is the importance of carbohydrates in the body

A

the backbone of DNA, structure, and energy storage, provide short-term energy

66
Q

what is the composition of lipids (fatty acids)

A

C,H,O = carbon hydrogen, and oxygen

67
Q

what is the structure of lipids

A

fatty acid chains

68
Q

what are some examples of lipids

A

vegetable oil, animal fats

69
Q

what is the importance of lipids in the human body

A

they make up the cell membranes, they act as messengers, and they offer long-term energy storage

70
Q

What is the composition of proteins

A

C,H,O,N - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

71
Q

What is the structure of proteins

A

they have three group an amine group, a side chain, and a carboxyl group

72
Q

what is the importance of proteins in the human body

A

they function as enzymes which act as catalysts to make chemical reactions easier, requiring less energy

73
Q

What is the composition of Nucleic Acids

A

C, H, O, N, P - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and pentose sugar

74
Q

what is the structure of nucleic acids

A

it has a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a PO4 (phosphate)

75
Q

examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA

76
Q

what is the importance in the human body of nucleic acids

A

they form the genetic code

77
Q

explain Dehydration synthesis

A

two monomers are already bonded to one another, a third monomer to be added through dehydration synthesis, the end result is the release of water to make room for the other monomer and you get a polymer

78
Q

explain Hydrolysis

A

adding water causes breaking apart if you have a polymer and you add water you get a double monomer and a single monomer

79
Q

are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic they love water

80
Q

what is the function of a carbohydrate

A

energy storage and DNA backbone

81
Q

there are three kinds of carbohydrates what are they

A

monosaccharide - one sugar - glucose
disaccharide - two sugars put together - sucrose, lactose
polysaccharide - three or more sugars - starch, glycogen, cellulose

82
Q

the form that we store glucose in the body in

A

glycogen

83
Q

C,H,O; I am not a true monomer or polymer, I am hydrophobic so I don’t dissolve well in water, so I must combine with a lipoprotein for travel in the blood.

A

lipids

84
Q

there are three types of lipids what are they

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

85
Q

I am the type of lipid that is the most concentrated energy source, I contain Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains what am I

A

Triglycerides

86
Q

There are two forms of triglycerides, which are lipids, what are they

A

saturated and unsaturated

87
Q

what is a saturated triglyceride

A

it is saturated with hydrogen meaning it has 2 hydrogen for each carbon

88
Q

i am a lipid - solid at room temperature like butter or bacon fat what kind of triglyceride am I

A

saturated

89
Q

what is an unsaturated triglyceride

A

it is missing one or more hydrogen so it has less than 2 hydrogen for one or more carbons

90
Q

lipid that is liquid at room temperature like vegetable oil

A

unsaturated (the picture of it will have a bend where the hydrogens are missing)

91
Q

there are more than one kind of unsaturated what are they

A

monounsaturated

polyunsaturated

92
Q

I am a lipid - an unsaturated that only has one double bond

A

monounsaturated

93
Q

I am a lipid - an unsaturated that has two or more double bonds

A

polyunsaturated

94
Q

I am a lipid - an unsaturated fat (liquid) that has been transformed into a solid fat by adding hydrogen ions

A

trans fat

95
Q

I am a lipid - this artificially saturated fat has a double bond that have hydrogens on opposite sides of the bond

A

trans fat

96
Q

I am a lipid that is the main component found in the cell’s plasma membrane

A

phospholipid

97
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid

A

the phosphate is the head end and is hydrophilic, it is charged and loves water the fatty acid part (lipid) is the tail and is hydrophobic, it is not charged and hates water

98
Q

If I have elements of hydrophobic and hydrophilic what am I

A

Amphiphilic

99
Q

I am a lipid that is non-polar, hydrophobic, and my structure is 4 rings of carbons bound together, examples of me are sex hormones and cholesterol

A

steroids

100
Q

There are 20 different ones of me. I am a monomer of proteins. My structure is an amino group (-NH2), a Carboxyl group (-COO-) and a side chain (R Group)

A

Amino Acids

101
Q

Both a protein found in a PH that is too high or too low OR a heat that is too high or too low in a cell will cause the proteins to stop working. What is this called?

A

Denaturation

102
Q

why do clinicians pay so much attention to fever temperatures and the PH of blood in sick patients?

A

Because if your fever is too high or too low or proteins found in the PH of your blood are too high or too low this leads to denaturation which means the proteins are falling apart and will stop working and you can die.

103
Q

a protein that functions as a biological catalyst

A

enzymes

104
Q

what are the properties of enzymes?

A

specific, different amino acids with different shapes, and active sites, so they interact with a specific molecule
efficient, they don’t get used up in chemical reactions
controlled, can be turned on and off and can be regulated.

105
Q

Enzymes bind to a ______ at its active site and is turned into a _______. usually ending in “-ase”. Give examples

A

Substrate / Product EX: Sucrase, RNA Polymerase

106
Q

Enzymes are catalysts, how do they work?

A

through catabolism they release energy which means less energy is needed to do the work

107
Q

I contain C, H, O, N, and P, my monomer is nucleotide, my structure is Nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and PO$ (phosphate)

A

Nucleic Acids

108
Q

what are the two forms of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

109
Q

I contain Deoxyribose sugar, I form the genetic code, and control most cellular activities

A

DNA

110
Q

I contain Ribose sugar, I relay instructions from genes, and I am involved in protein assembly

A

RNA

111
Q

What are the base pairing of DNA

A

A - T and C -G always!!!

112
Q

what are the base pairing of RNA

A

there is no T so A must bind to U (uracil) so A - U and C- G always!!!

113
Q

there are four differences between DNA and RNA what are they?

A

1 - sugars - DNA Deoxyribose sugar, RNA - Ribose sugar
2 - Interactions - DNA A & T, RNA A & U
3 - Strands - DNA Double Stranded, RNA Single Strand
4 - Sequences = DNA long SEQ, RNA short SEQ

114
Q

a high energy bond that produces energy for the cell, when the bond is broken it releases huge amounts of energy.

A

ATP

115
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine Triphosphate - derived from adenine base but has 3 phosphates

116
Q

a substance that breaks apart or dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) when it dissolves in water.

A

acid

117
Q

a substance that breaks apart or dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) when it dissolves in water.

A

base

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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