chap 2 (bio 5) Flashcards
all matter is created from ________, substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
elements
one or two letters that designate a particular chemical element
atomic symbol
number of protons is designated by
atomic number
how much the element weighs including protons neutrons and electrons
mass number
the functional unit of an element
atoms
the part of the atom that contains protons and neutrons
nucleus
these spin in shells around the nucleus and have a negative charge they can be transferred from one element to another or shared to form a bond
electron
these are found in the nucleus and have a positive charge
proton
these are found in the nucleus and have neither negative or positive charges they are neutral
neutron
an atom that has either given up or gained electrons
ions
an ion that has lost an electron is
positively charged
an ion that has gained an electron is
negatively charged
an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 5 electrons would be
positively charged
an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons would be
neutral
an atom that has 5 protons, 6 neutron, and 6 electrons
negatively charged
this type of bond shares electrons and is the strongest and most common type of bond.
covalent bond
can form single, double, or triple bonds by sharing electrons in pairs
covalent bond
there are two types of covalent bonds what are they
polar and non polar
I am a bond which has shared my electrons unequally, what am I
a polar covalent bond
I am a bond which has shared my electrons equally, what am I
a nonpolar covalent bond
I am a bond that is transferring my electrons what am I
ionic bonds
there are two types of ionic bonds what are they
cation + and anion -
what does it mean that opposites attract
positive and negative are drawn together
I am the weakest bond, I am made by an attraction between polar molecules what am I
a hydrogen bond
give examples of a hydrogen bond
H2O, amino acids in a protein, DNA
A ______ _______ occurs when new bonds are formed or broken
chemical reaction
capacity to do work
energy
there are two types of energy what are they
Potential energy - stored energy that is not moving
Kinetic energy - energy that is moving or in motion
_______ are created through chemical reactions.
bonds and a change in energy when you break a bond you now have energy that can be used
two or more molecules that come together to form a new, larger molecule A + B = AB
synthesis reaction
this synthesis or building up of molecules is called
anabolism
a molecule is breaking down or splitting apart and becoming more than one AB= A & B
decomposition reaction
this decomposition or breaking down of molecules is called
catabolism
what happens to the energy when you break apart a bond
some of it is stored in ATP adenosine triphosphate
a very very common type of reaction is when you take two bonded together molecules and switch those partners this is called > AB + CD = AD + CB
exchange reaction
this type of reaction contains both synthesis and decomposition because you break up pairs and then shuffle then and put them back together to make new pairs
exchange reaction
If a reaction can go both ways, it can be broken down and then be put back together under the proper conditions it is called
a reversible reaction and is symbolized with a double arrow pointing in opposite directions
_______ is essential for life!!!
water
What are the properties of water
water is an excellent solvent
water participates in chemical reactions
water absorbs and releases heat very slowly
water requires a large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas
water serves as a lubricant
what is waters role in catabolism
hydrolysis - it breaks things down
what is waters role in anabolism
dehydration synthesis - when you put things back together you get back the water
how is water a solvent
it dissolves solutes
what kind of substances can dissolve in water
polar substances hydrophilic substances things that love water because like dissolves like
what kinds of substances cannot dissolve in water
non-polar substances, they are hydrophobic they fear water, they have opposite chemical properties like oil & water
what is the name for substances that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
amphipathic
what types of substances dissolve well in water
sugar, salt
what kinds of substances do not dissolve well in water
oils, fats
__ is a measure of how many hydrogen ions are floating around in a liquid
PH
I donate a proton in a solution, and release hydrogen (H+) ions
acid
I accept protons
base
I have a lower hydrogen concentration and a higher number on the PH scale <7
basic or alkaline
I have a higher hydrogen concentration and a lower number on the PH scale >7
acidic
what does the term logarithmic refer to on the PH scale
that each increase or decrease is done by a factor of 10
I am neutral on the ph scale what is my number
around 7
any substance that resists change in the PH of a solution; makes you stay in neutral by keeping you from getting to high or to low in Ph;
buffers
I present as pairs of molecules that have opposite effects; one can donate a proton and one can accept a proton
buffer
the most prominent buffer system in the human body
Bicarbonate Buffer System
How does a Bicarbonate Buffer System work?
It acts as a base and can either accept or donate a proton to maintain balance. for example when blood is too acidic it has too many protons so the bicarbonate accepts a proton, if its too basic it lacks protons so bicarbonate donates a proton
This type of molecule contains carbon
organic molecules
If I am an organic molecule what do I contain
carbon
there are 4 types of organic molecules what are they
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
what is the composition of carbohydrate
C,H,O - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what is the structure of carbohydrates
ring
give an example of carbohydrates
sugar, glucose, starch, sucrose, lactose
what is the importance of carbohydrates in the body
the backbone of DNA, structure, and energy storage, provide short-term energy
what is the composition of lipids (fatty acids)
C,H,O = carbon hydrogen, and oxygen
what is the structure of lipids
fatty acid chains
what are some examples of lipids
vegetable oil, animal fats
what is the importance of lipids in the human body
they make up the cell membranes, they act as messengers, and they offer long-term energy storage
What is the composition of proteins
C,H,O,N - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What is the structure of proteins
they have three group an amine group, a side chain, and a carboxyl group
what is the importance of proteins in the human body
they function as enzymes which act as catalysts to make chemical reactions easier, requiring less energy
What is the composition of Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and pentose sugar
what is the structure of nucleic acids
it has a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a PO4 (phosphate)
examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
what is the importance in the human body of nucleic acids
they form the genetic code
explain Dehydration synthesis
two monomers are already bonded to one another, a third monomer to be added through dehydration synthesis, the end result is the release of water to make room for the other monomer and you get a polymer
explain Hydrolysis
adding water causes breaking apart if you have a polymer and you add water you get a double monomer and a single monomer
are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic they love water
what is the function of a carbohydrate
energy storage and DNA backbone
there are three kinds of carbohydrates what are they
monosaccharide - one sugar - glucose
disaccharide - two sugars put together - sucrose, lactose
polysaccharide - three or more sugars - starch, glycogen, cellulose
the form that we store glucose in the body in
glycogen
C,H,O; I am not a true monomer or polymer, I am hydrophobic so I don’t dissolve well in water, so I must combine with a lipoprotein for travel in the blood.
lipids
there are three types of lipids what are they
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
I am the type of lipid that is the most concentrated energy source, I contain Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains what am I
Triglycerides
There are two forms of triglycerides, which are lipids, what are they
saturated and unsaturated
what is a saturated triglyceride
it is saturated with hydrogen meaning it has 2 hydrogen for each carbon
i am a lipid - solid at room temperature like butter or bacon fat what kind of triglyceride am I
saturated
what is an unsaturated triglyceride
it is missing one or more hydrogen so it has less than 2 hydrogen for one or more carbons
lipid that is liquid at room temperature like vegetable oil
unsaturated (the picture of it will have a bend where the hydrogens are missing)
there are more than one kind of unsaturated what are they
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated
I am a lipid - an unsaturated that only has one double bond
monounsaturated
I am a lipid - an unsaturated that has two or more double bonds
polyunsaturated
I am a lipid - an unsaturated fat (liquid) that has been transformed into a solid fat by adding hydrogen ions
trans fat
I am a lipid - this artificially saturated fat has a double bond that have hydrogens on opposite sides of the bond
trans fat
I am a lipid that is the main component found in the cell’s plasma membrane
phospholipid
What is the structure of a phospholipid
the phosphate is the head end and is hydrophilic, it is charged and loves water the fatty acid part (lipid) is the tail and is hydrophobic, it is not charged and hates water
If I have elements of hydrophobic and hydrophilic what am I
Amphiphilic
I am a lipid that is non-polar, hydrophobic, and my structure is 4 rings of carbons bound together, examples of me are sex hormones and cholesterol
steroids
There are 20 different ones of me. I am a monomer of proteins. My structure is an amino group (-NH2), a Carboxyl group (-COO-) and a side chain (R Group)
Amino Acids
Both a protein found in a PH that is too high or too low OR a heat that is too high or too low in a cell will cause the proteins to stop working. What is this called?
Denaturation
why do clinicians pay so much attention to fever temperatures and the PH of blood in sick patients?
Because if your fever is too high or too low or proteins found in the PH of your blood are too high or too low this leads to denaturation which means the proteins are falling apart and will stop working and you can die.
a protein that functions as a biological catalyst
enzymes
what are the properties of enzymes?
specific, different amino acids with different shapes, and active sites, so they interact with a specific molecule
efficient, they don’t get used up in chemical reactions
controlled, can be turned on and off and can be regulated.
Enzymes bind to a ______ at its active site and is turned into a _______. usually ending in “-ase”. Give examples
Substrate / Product EX: Sucrase, RNA Polymerase
Enzymes are catalysts, how do they work?
through catabolism they release energy which means less energy is needed to do the work
I contain C, H, O, N, and P, my monomer is nucleotide, my structure is Nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and PO$ (phosphate)
Nucleic Acids
what are the two forms of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
I contain Deoxyribose sugar, I form the genetic code, and control most cellular activities
DNA
I contain Ribose sugar, I relay instructions from genes, and I am involved in protein assembly
RNA
What are the base pairing of DNA
A - T and C -G always!!!
what are the base pairing of RNA
there is no T so A must bind to U (uracil) so A - U and C- G always!!!
there are four differences between DNA and RNA what are they?
1 - sugars - DNA Deoxyribose sugar, RNA - Ribose sugar
2 - Interactions - DNA A & T, RNA A & U
3 - Strands - DNA Double Stranded, RNA Single Strand
4 - Sequences = DNA long SEQ, RNA short SEQ
a high energy bond that produces energy for the cell, when the bond is broken it releases huge amounts of energy.
ATP
what does ATP stand for
Adenosine Triphosphate - derived from adenine base but has 3 phosphates
a substance that breaks apart or dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) when it dissolves in water.
acid
a substance that breaks apart or dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) when it dissolves in water.
base
