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chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

external pouch that supports the testes is called what

A

scrotum

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2
Q

within the scrotum is what that divides the scrotum into two sacs one per teste

A

internal septum

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3
Q

what is found within the scrotum that maintains proper temperature of the testes

A

skeletal muscles

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4
Q

what do the muscles of the scrotum do if the temperature becomes too hot

A

the muscles relax and the testes descend

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5
Q

what do the muscles of the scrotum do if the temperature becomes too cold

A

muscles contract and the testes ascend

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6
Q

paired oval glands in the scrotum that are the size and shape of walnuts

A

testes

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7
Q

what are the testes covered by and what does it do

A

dense connective tissue

divides the testes into lobules

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8
Q

these are located within the lobules and are the site of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

what is the term for sperm production

A

spermatogenesis

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10
Q

what are the three hormones that make up the hormonal control of the testes

A

follicle stimulating hormone
testosterone
inhibin

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11
Q

this hormone along with testosterone stimulates sperm production

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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12
Q

this hormone stimulated by LH (luteinizing hormone) along with FSH stimulates sperm production

A

testosterone

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13
Q

this hormone has the opposite effect of FSH, it is released when sperm numbers are high and inhibits FSH

A

inhibin

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14
Q

describe the negative feedback loop that is a homeostatic mechanism of the male hormone system

A

hypothalamus secretes GnRH to the anterior pituitary
the anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH
LH and FSH stimulate spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion by the testes
when the sperm numbers are high testosterone and inhibin inhibit the secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus and LH and FSH by the pituitary

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15
Q

what are the names of the three cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogonia
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells

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16
Q

this is the name of the stem cell, that form sperm cells

A

spermatogonia

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17
Q

this is the name of the sustaining cells that nourish developing sperm, control release into lumen and release inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

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18
Q

this is the name of the cells found in the spaces between tubules that make and secrete testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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19
Q

this is the name of cell division used to produce gametes (egg or sperm) with half as much genetic material.

A

meiosis

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20
Q

what is a cell called when it only contains half of the genetic material

A

haploid

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21
Q

what are the two stages of cell division

A

Meiosis 1 and

Meiosis 2

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22
Q

in this meiosis chromosomes number is reduced by half and 2 cells are produced

A

meiosis 1

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23
Q

in this meiosis which is essentially mitosis the chromosomes split between two cells created 4 cells

A

meiosis 2

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24
Q

how many steps are involved in spermatogenesis and how long does it take to go through the steps

A

there are 5 steps

65-75 days

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25
Q

what are the five steps of spermatogenesis

A 
1 - spermatogonia
2 - primary spermatocyte
3 - secondary spermatocyte
4 - spermatids
5 - spermiogenesis
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26
Q

in this step of spermatogenesis diploid stem cells replicate 1/2 replace the one that replicated and the other 1/2 continue in development

A

spermatogonia

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27
Q

in this step of spermatogenesis the diploid that continued development starts meiosis !

A

Primary spermatocyte

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28
Q

in this step of spermatogenesis the result of meiosis 1 is 2 haploids still connected

A

secondary spermatocyte

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29
Q

in this step of spermatogenesis the result of meiosis 2, four haploids are developed attached to one another

A

spermatids

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30
Q

in this step of spermatogenesis the spermatids separate and form into individual sperms

A

spermiogenesis

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31
Q

how many sperm are produced daily

A

300 million

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32
Q

what are the two parts of sperm

A

head and tail

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33
Q

the head can be further broken down into what two parts

A

haploid nucleus

Acrosome

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34
Q

this is the name of the vesicle filled with enzymes that help the head of the sperm penetrate the egg

A

Acrosome

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35
Q

the tail has three pieces but which one contains mitochondria

A

the middle piece

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36
Q

what does the mitochondria do for the sperm

A

full of lots of ATP for energy for swimming

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37
Q

once sperm is ejaculated most do not survive more than __ hours in female reproductive tract

A

48 hours

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38
Q

sperm flow from seminiferous tubules into what comma shaped structure on the posterior border of the testes

A

the epididymis

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39
Q

the epididymis consists of the tightly coiled ______ ________ which is the site of sperm maturation and storage

A

ductus epididymis

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40
Q

this conveys sperm during sexual arousal through peristaltic contractions and can store sperm for several months

A

ductus vas deferens

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41
Q

the ductus vas deferens enters the pelvic cavity along with blood vessels and nerves through what

A

spermatic cord which connects external testes to internal pelvic cavity

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42
Q

this is a procedure used to remove a portion of the ductus vas deferens

A

vasectomy

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43
Q

how does a vasectomy work

A

it removes the pathway for sperm to become part of semen

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44
Q

what happens to sperm when you get a vasectomy

A

sperm production still occurs but they are reabsorbed or destroyed by phagocytosis

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45
Q

what secretes most of the liquid portion of semen

A

accessory glands

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46
Q

what are the three accessory glands

A

seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral gland

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47
Q

this accessory gland secretes an alkaline fluid containing fructose a high energy sugar for energy and prostaglandins; makes up 60% of semen volume

A

seminal vesicles

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48
Q

this accessory gland produces a fluid that contains clotting and liquifying factors and makes up 25% of semen volume

A

prostate gland

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49
Q

this accessory gland secretes alkaline fluid that neutralizes acids from urine in the urethra and also mucous that lubricates the end of the penis and lining of the urethra

A

bulbourethral gland

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50
Q

this is a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

A

semen

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51
Q

what is the average amount of sperm found per ml of semen

A

2.5 to 5 ml with 50-150 million sperm per ml

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52
Q

what is considered an abnormal amount of sperm per ml

A

anything less than 40 million

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53
Q

what does semen provide for sperm

A

transport medium, nutrients and protection

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54
Q

this male reproductive duct is formed by the union of the ducts of the seminal vesicle and the ductus vas deferens

A

ejaculatory duct

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55
Q

in males this is shared between urinary and reproductive systems and passes through the prostate and the penis

A

urethra

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56
Q

what is the function of the penis

A

to deliver sperm as close to the cervix as possible

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57
Q

what are the two steps involved in an erection

A

1 - spongy tissue fills with blood during arousal increasing the size of the penis
2 - the expanded tissue squeezes the veins shut so more blood enters than can leave - making the penis erect

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58
Q

one of a pair of glands that produce a fluid that nourishes sperm, thickens semen, and assists in movement of sperm once in the female reproductive system

A

seminal vesicle

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59
Q

a gland that produces alkaline secretions that activate sperm and reduce the acidity of the male and female reproductive system

A

prostate gland

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60
Q

one of a pair of glands that produce a mucous secretion before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra

A

bulbourethral gland or Cowper’s gland

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61
Q

one of a pair of ducts in which sperm are stored and mature

A

epididymis

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62
Q

one of a pair of primary reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone

A

testis

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63
Q

one of a pair of ducts that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

A

ductus vas deferens

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64
Q

a tube that transports semen during ejaculation and urine at other times

A

urethra

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65
Q

spongy connective tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal, causing erection of the penis

A

erectile tissue

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66
Q

the organ of sexual intercourse that delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract

A

penis

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67
Q

the region at the tip of the penis that is rich in sensory nerves for sexual arousal

A

glans penis

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68
Q

these are the paired oval shaped glands in women that are homologous to the testes

A

ovaries

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69
Q

what do the ovaries produce

A

gametes (oocytes)

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70
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce

A

estrogen and progesterone and others

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71
Q

what are the two layers of the ovaries

A

ovarian cortex

ovarian medulla

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72
Q

this is the site of egg and follicle maturation in the ovaries

A

ovarian cortex

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73
Q

this is the layer of the ovaries that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

A

ovarian medulla

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74
Q

what is the name of the surrounding cells that nourish developing oocytes and secrete estrogens

A

ovarian follicles

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75
Q

this is a large fluid filled follicle that surrounds the egg

A

Mature Graafian follicle

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76
Q

this is the remnants of the ovulated follicle that produces female hormones until it degenerates

A

corpus luteum

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77
Q

what is the corpus luteum called once it has degenerated and no longer secretes hormones which eventually signals menses

A

corpus albicans

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78
Q

what is the name of the patterning women that is similar to spermatogenesis

A

oogenesis

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79
Q

what is the name of stem cells in oogenesis; they are diploid

A

oogonia

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80
Q

these start but do not complete meiosis 1 prior to birth

A

primary oocytes

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81
Q

when do primary oocytes continue meiosis and what do they do

A

once puberty begins the primary oocytes divide into a secondary oocyte and a polar body

82
Q

this begins meiosis II but will only finish if the egg is fertilized

A

secondary oocyte

83
Q

there are six steps to oogenesis what are they

A

1 - during fetal development meiosis 1 begins
2 - after puberty primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 which produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body that may or may not divide again
3 - the secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2
4 - a secondary oocyte and first polar body is ovulated
5 - after fertilization, meiosis 2 resumes, the oocyte splits into an ovum and a second polar body
6 - the nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum unite forming a diploid zygote

84
Q

fertilization of an oocyte usually occurs here

A

uterine or fallopian tubes

85
Q

what is the function of the fallopian tubes

A

to transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova to the uterus

86
Q

these sweep the egg into the uterine tube

87
Q

what are the uterine tubes lined with that propel the egg into the uterus

88
Q

what are the three anatomical parts of the uterus

A

fundus
body
cervix

89
Q

this is the superior portion of the uterus

90
Q

this is the tapering central portion of the uterus

91
Q

this is the narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina

92
Q

what are the names of the three layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

93
Q

this is the outermost covering that is part of the visceral peritoneum

A

perimetrium

94
Q

this is the really big muscle layer that makes us the bulk of the uterus that is composed of layers of smooth muscle

A

myometrium

95
Q

this is the inner layer that is highly vascularized and is shed during menses each month

A

endometrium

96
Q

this is the name for the canal extending from the exterior of the body to the cervix that is highly flexible

97
Q

this forms a border around and partially closes the vaginal orifice

98
Q

this layer of the vagina contains compounds that become acidic when they are decomposed and are harmful to sperm and bacteria

A

mucosal layer of the vagina

99
Q

this can stretch to receive the penis during intercourse as well as during childbirth

A

the muscular layer of the vagina

100
Q

what are the names of the four external genitalia

A

mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris

101
Q

this external genitalia part cushions the pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

102
Q

this external genitalia part is lateral and larger

A

labia majora

103
Q

this external genitalia part is medial and smaller

A

labia minora

104
Q

this external genitalia part is small erectile tissue mass containing numerous nerves and blood vessels; homologous to glans penis

105
Q

what are the four areas of the breast that you need to know

A

nipple
areola
mammary glands
colostrum

106
Q

this has openings for the milk ducts to release milk

107
Q

this is the pigmented area surrounding the nipple

108
Q

this is the name of the modified sudoriferous gland that produces milk

A

mammary glands

109
Q

this comes before the appearance of true milk around the 4th day after firth and is rich in carbs, protein and antibodies

110
Q

this is the term that includes two cycles, and hormonal changes that regulate them, and related changes to the breast and cervix

A

female reproductive cycle

111
Q

what are the two cycles that make up the female reproductive cycle

A

ovarian cycle

uterine cycle

112
Q

this is a series of events in the ovaries that prepare and mature the oocyte

A

ovarian cycle

113
Q

this is a series of changes in endometrium preparing it for arrival of fertilized ovum and subsequent breakdown

A

uterine cycle

114
Q

what are the three hormones involved in hormonal regulation of the female reproductive cycle

A

estrogens
progesterone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

115
Q

this is secreted mostly by ovarian follicles; promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics

116
Q

this is secreted by the corpus luteum; works with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk production

A

progesterone

117
Q

this is made by the anterior pituitary and stimulates further follicular development and secretion of estrogens, triggers ovulation, and promotes formation of corpus luteum

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

118
Q

how ling is a typical female cycle

A

24-35 days with an average of 28 days

119
Q

what are the four phases of the female cycle

A

1 - menstrual phase
2 - preovulatory phase
3 - ovulation
4 - postovulatory phase

120
Q

this phase of the female cycle is the first 5 days

A

menstrual phase

121
Q

what events take place in the ovaries during menstrual phase

A

FSH stimulates several ovarian follicles to grow and enlarge

122
Q

what events take place in the uterus during the menstrual phase

A

endometrium sloughs off as menstrual discharge due to a drop in progesterone and estrogen

123
Q

this phase of the female cycle is days 6 - 13 in a 28 day cycle

A

preovulatory phase or follicular phase

124
Q

what happens during the preovulatory phase

A

one dominant follicle outgrows the others; hormonal signals cause other follicles to stop growing; follicle produces and secretes estrogens

125
Q

what happens in the uterus during the preovulatory phase aka the proliferative phase

A

estrogens stimulate repair of endometrium and the endometrium doubles in thickness

126
Q

what happens during day 14 of a 28 day cycle

127
Q

how does ovulation occur

A

Graafian follicle ruptures releasing secondary oocyte

high levels of estrogen exert a positive feedback effect on LH and a surge in LH causes ovulation

128
Q

what happens on days 15 to 28

A

postovulatory phase also known as luteal phase

129
Q

what events occur and where during the postovulatory phase

A

events occur only in one ovary (the one that ovulated); the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum due to increase of LH and secretes progesterone and estrogen

130
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if no fertilization takes place

A

the corpus luteum lasts 2 weeks and then degenerates into a corpus albicans at which point progesterone and estrogen levels drop and menstruation begins which signals a restart of the cycle

131
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does take place

A

corpus luteum lasts longer than 2 weeks

132
Q

what is secreted by embryo 8 days after fertilization

A

HcG human chorionic gonadotropin

133
Q

what happens during the postovulatory phase in the uterus

A

progesterone and estrogens from the corpus luteum causes growth of endometrium; if no fertilization takes place progesterone and estrogen decline due to degeneration of corpus luteum which leads to menstruation

134
Q

these administer a continuous level of hormones either progesterone or estrogen or both for three weeks

A

oral contraceptives

135
Q

why do oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy

A

no increase in estrogen therefore no sure in LH which means no ovulation, no formation of corpus luteum, and no thickening of endometrium

136
Q

what happens on oral contraceptives after the three weeks of hormones

A

one week of no hormones taken which leads to a drop in hormone levels which leads to menstruation

137
Q

what are the two types of intrauterine devices discussed in class

A

hormonal or non-hormonal

138
Q

how do intrauterine devices work to prevent pregnancy

A

killing or damaging sperm
causing the cervical mucous to become very thick not allowing sperm to pass
making the uterine lining thinner and not adequate for implantation

139
Q

how long does a pregnancy last and what is that time period divided up into

A

40 weeks divided into trimesters

140
Q

what are normal maternal changes that occur during pregnancy

A

hormones estrogen and progesterone steadily increase
increased weight gain from fetus, amniotic fluid, and uterine enlargement
heart rate and blood volume increase during second half of pregnancy
various changes occur in the urinary and respiratory system
nausea and vomiting are common

141
Q

the process by which the fetus is expelled from the birth canal is called what

142
Q

actually giving birth is called what

A

parturition

143
Q

describe true labor

A

regular and increasing frequency and intensity of contraction with shortening intervals

144
Q

describe false labor

A

irregular contractions, no intensification, change of position may cause them to stop

145
Q

what are the three stages of labor

A

cervical dilation
fetal descent and birth
placenta birth

146
Q

in this stage of labor the cervix shortens and widens to 10 cm the amniotic sac usually ruptures and ends with the urge to push

A

cervical dilation stage

147
Q

in this stage of labor contractions become 2 to 3 minutes apart and can last up to a minute long; crowning occurs, and eventually delivery of baby

A

fetal descent and birth

148
Q

in this stage of labor contractions continue push the placenta out and aiding clotting; placenta detaches and delivers, cord is cut and clamped

A

placenta birth

149
Q

what are three complications that were discussed in class

A

placenta previa
placental abruption
preeclampsia

150
Q

this is when the placenta develops blocking the uterine opening and the baby cannot be delivered naturally

A

placenta previa

151
Q

this is when the placenta separates from the uterus too early; the major concern is that the mom will hemorrhage

A

placental abruption

152
Q

this is pregnancy induced hypertension

A

preeclampsia

153
Q

this secretes inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

154
Q

this is the compartments of the testes

155
Q

this contains mitochondria

156
Q

this is the sac on the head of sperm that contains enzymes used to penetrate the egg

157
Q

this is the maturation of spermatids to sperm

A

spermiogenesis

158
Q

this secretes testosterone

A

Leydig cells

159
Q

this stem cell forms sperm

A

spermatogonia

160
Q

this is sperm formation

A

spermatogenesis

161
Q

this is the site of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubule

162
Q

this is formed by the union of the seminal vesicle and ductus vas deferens

A

ejaculatory duct

163
Q

this is the structure through which the ductus vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves exit the pelvic cavity

A

spermatic cord

164
Q

this is the site of sperm maturation and storage

A

epididymis

165
Q

this is the shared passageway with urinary and reproductive systems

166
Q

this is the coiled tube within the epididymis

A

ductus epididymis

167
Q

this carries sperm out of the epididymis

A

ductus vas deferens

168
Q

this is the mature follicle that contains ready to ovulate secondary oocyte

A

Graafian follicle

169
Q

this is left over genetic material

A

polar body

170
Q

this is stem cells that produce oocytes

171
Q

this is remnants of the ovulated follicle that secretes progesterone and estrogen

A

corpus luteum

172
Q

this begins meiosis II but arrests and then completes meiosis after fertilization

A

secondary oocyte

173
Q

this starts but does not complete meiosis 1 during the fetal period

A

primary oocyte

174
Q

this is essentially scar tissue from ovulated follicle, releases no hormones

A

Corpus albicans

175
Q

this is the region between the labia minora

176
Q

this is homologous to glans penis in men or the tip of the penis

177
Q

this opens into the vagina

178
Q

this is the site of fertilization

A

uterine or fallopian tubes

179
Q

this is medial and smaller tissue external to the vaginal opening

A

labia minora

180
Q

this forms a border around and partially closes the vaginal orifice

181
Q

this cushions the pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

182
Q

this is the central portion of the uterus

A

body of uterus

183
Q

this is the canal extending from the exterior of the body to the cervix

184
Q

this is the lateral and larger tissue external to the vaginal opening

A

labia majora

185
Q

this is the superior rounded portion of the uterus

186
Q

these sweep eggs into the uterine tube

187
Q 
Sperm production occurs in the
  Sertoli cells. 
  seminiferous tubules. 
  interstitial cells of Leydig. 
  epididymis. 
  vas deferens.
A

seminiferous tubules

188
Q 
Place the structures that sperm passes through in order.
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6
A 
1 - seminiferous tubules
2 - epididymis
3 - ductus vas deferens
4 - ejaculatory duct
5 - prostatic urethra
6 - penile spongy urethra
189
Q 
The structure that separates the uterine body from the vagina is the
  uterine tube. 
  fundus. 
  cervix. 
  vulva. 
  hymen.
190
Q 
During spermatogenesis, the cells formed by meiosis II are called
  spermatids. 
  sperm cells. 
  primary spermatocytes. 
  secondary spermatocytes. 
  spermatogonia.
A

spermatids

191
Q 
The production of testosterone in the interstitial cells of Leydig is stimulated by
  inhibin. 
  luteinizing hormone (LH). 
  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). 
  relaxin. 
  progesterone.
192
Q

Mammary glands are modified endocrine glands that produce milk.
true or false

A

false they are modified sudoriferous glands

193
Q 
Which of the following cells is the least mature type of spermatogenic cell?
  sperm cell 
  spermatid 
  spermatogonia 
  primary spermatocyte 
  secondary spermatocyte
A

spermatogonia

194
Q 
Approximately 60 percent of the volume of semen is produced by the
  prostate gland. 
  Cowper's gland. 
  seminal vesicles. 
  testis. 
  bulbourethral gland.
A

seminal vesicles.

195
Q 
Fertilization usually occurs in the
  vagina. 
  uterus. 
  cervix. 
  uterine tubes. 
  ovaries.
A

uterine tubes.

196
Q 
The hormone that works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is
  LH. 
  FSH. 
  prolactin. 
  progesterone. 
  relaxin.
A

progesterone

197
Q 
The type of ovarian follicle that ruptures at the time of ovulation is called a
  primary follicle. 
  secondary follicle. 
  corpus luteum. 
  graafian follicle. 
  primordial follicle.
A

graafian follicle.

198
Q

Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and then transported to the epididymis for long-term storage.
true or false

A

false not long-term storage should be maturation

199
Q 
The structure of the female reproductive system that contains erectile tissue is the
  external urethral orifice. 
  vaginal orifice. 
  labia minora. 
  mons pubis. 
  clitoris.
200
Q 
Place the stages of the female cycle in order.
1 
2 
3 
4
A

1 - menstrual phase
2 - preovulatory phase
3 - ovulatory phase
4 - postovulatory phase

201
Q

Gametes differ from all other body cells because they are diploid cells.
true or false

A

false they are haploid

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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