CHAPTER 15 Flashcards
The cardiovascular system is composed of what
the heart and blood vessels
what are the functions of the cardiovascular system? 6 of them
moves oxygen gets rid of waste products transfers nutrients regulates body temperature regulates ph provides protection through blood clotting and immune cells
how many layers are there that surround the heart
4 layers
the outside sack is composed of two layers called what
pericardium
epicardium
the outside sack or outer membrane that surrounds and provides protection for the heart is called what
pericardium
on the inside of the pericardium if the visceral layer that hugs the surface of the heart called what
epicardium
this is the layer of cardiac muscle tissue that is responsible for the pumping action of the heart
myocardium
this is the smooth most inner lining of the heart cavities themselves
endocardium
what are the four chambers of the heart
right and left atria
right and left ventricles
these are the smaller chambers on top of the heart
atria
which atria has a thicker layer of muscle
the left atria
these are the large chambers on the bottom of the heart
ventricles
this is the thin piece of tissue that separates the right and left ventricles
interventricular septum
who do the atria have thinner walls
because they don’t need to push the blood very far, only to the ventricles
what is different about the ventricles
they have a thick muscle layer left side is thicker than right side
why does the left side have a thicker layer of muscle than the right
because the right ventricle is only responsible for pushing the blood into the lungs to be oxygenated that is not a very far distance to push so it doesn’t need as much muscle but the left ventricle has to push the blood out to the rest of the body so it requires a lot bigger push and more muscle to do this
these great vessels of the heart are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart
arteries
these great vessels of the heart are responsible for carrying blood to the heart
veins
these three great vessels bring blood back to the right atrium from the rest of the body
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
these great vessels carry blood to the lungs to be infused with oxygen
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
these great vessels carry blood back to the heart from the lungs after they have been infused with oxygen
pulmonary veins
this main great vessel send blood out to the body once its oxygenated
aorta
what are the valves of the heart
the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves
this valves connect the atria and ventricles
atrioventricular valves
the atrioventricular valve found on the right side of the heart
tricuspid valve
the atrioventricular valve found on the left side of the heart
bicuspid or mitral valve
these valves connect ventricles and their great vessels
semilunar valves
this semilunar valve connects the aorta with the left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
this semilunar valve connects the pulmonary trunk with the right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
what is the role of valves
to prevent back flow of blood they ensure a one way flow of blood through the heart
in this circuit blood flows from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary circuit
in this circuit blood flows from the heart to the body tissues
systemic circuit
what is the path that blood takes in the pulmonary circuit starting with the r atrium
right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and out through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs they get oxygen in the lungs and return to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
what is the path that blood takes in the systemic circuit starting with the left atrium
once blood returns from the lungs into the left atrium it gets pushed through the bicuspid/mitral valve down into the left ventricle then the ventricle pushes it through the aortic semilunar valve up into the aorta which then sends it through arteries out to the rest of the body which then returns it through the many veins up into the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus to the right atrium where it starts all over again
this is part of the systemic circuit but delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart itself
the coronary circulation
these branch to ensure all of the tissue of the heart receives nourishment
coronary arteries
this drains blood from the heart back into the right atrium so that it can be re-oxygenated
coronary sinus
the heart is _______ - about ___% of the heart cells can generate and propagate action potentials
autorhythmic
1%
what sets the rhythm of the heart
the pacemaker
signals travel along this system of which there are _ components.
cardiac conduction system
5 components
this first step in the cardiac conduction system is found in the R atrium and initiates the heart rate (known as the pacemaker)
sinoatrial node (SA node)
the second step in the cardiac conduction system is found between the R and L atria and causes a pause in the electrical signal to allow the atria time to contract and push blood down in to the ventricles
atrioventricular node (AV node)
this third step in the cardiac conduction system is found in the beginning of the interventricular septum
atrioventricular bundle
this fourth step in the cardiac conduction system runs the length of the interventricular septum and sends action potentials to the ventricles
right and left bundle branches
this fifth step in the cardiac conduction system wrap up along the outer walls and send impulses up the walls of the ventricles
Purkinje fibers
an image of the electrical activities of the heart is known as what
electrocardiogram or
ECG or
EKG
what are the three parts of the electrical activity of the heart called
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
this is the electrical activity that signals the atria to contract and is known as atrial depolarization
P wave
this is the really big contraction that is made by the ventricles and is the signal for the ventricles to contract
QRS complex
this is the resetting of the heart when the heart is at rest and is called ventricular repolarization
T wave
variations in the size and duration of these waves and the spaces between can be used for what
to diagnose cardiac conditions
the contraction of the atria and the contraction of the ventricles all happen is 1 heartbeat and is known as what
the cardiac cycle
the period of contraction is referred to as what
systole
the period of relaxation is referred to as what
diastole
there are three events that make up the cardiac cycle what are they
diastole
atrial systole
ventricular systole
this event of the cardiac cycle is when the ventricles and atria are relaxed, blood flows into, and fills, atria and ventricles
diastole
this event of the cardiac cycle is when the atria contract, ventricles are relaxed and blood is pushed from the atria into the ventricles
atria systole
this event of the cardia cycle is when the atria relaxes and the ventricles contract pumping blood to the entire body
ventricular systole
what are the two heart sounds
lubb
dubb
this is the first sound that is made when the atrioventricular valves - the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close as the ventricles contract
lubb
this is the second sound that is made when the semilunar valves - the pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar valves - close as the ventricles relax
dubb
what is the cause of these sounds
a change in pressure but you are actually hearing the valves slamming shut
The left ventricle pumps the blood into the pulmonary trunk. aorta. pulmonary veins. vena cava.
aorta
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the sinoatrial valve. tricuspid valve. pulmonary semilunar valve. aortic semilunar valve. bicuspid valve.
bicuspid valve
true or false
All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain non-oxygenated blood.
false because the pulmonary veins carrying blood back to the left atrium are filled with oxygen
true or false
The heart valves prevent the backflow of blood during the cardiac cycle.
true
The P wave of an ECG indicates ventricular repolarization. ventricular depolarization. atrial repolarization. atrial depolarization. ventricular contraction.
atrial depolarization
true or false
During diastole, the atria and ventricles are contracting.
false
systole
The normal pacemaker of the heart is/are the Purkinje fibers. atrioventricular bundle. atrioventricular node. sinoatrial node. bundle of His.
sinoatrial node
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures in the cardiac conduction system?
AV node, SA node, AV bundles, Purkinje fibers
SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundles
SA node, AV node, AV bundles, Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers, AV nodes, SA node, AV bundles
SA node, AV bundles, AV node, Purkinje fibers
SA node, AV node, AV bundles, Purkinje fibers
The blood vessel that collects deoxygenated blood of the coronary circulation and empties into the right atrium is the pulmonary sinus. vena cava. sigmoid sinus. coronary sinus.
coronary sinus
true or false
The atria receive the blood returning to the heart.
true
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ separates the right and left ventricles. interatrial septum ligamentum arteriosum interventricular septum fossa ovalis
interventricular septum
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ circuit pumps blood between the lungs and the heart systemic coronary pulmonary respiratory
pulmonary
Which portion of the heart has the thickest myocardium?
All chambers have equally thick myocardium.
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
right atrium
left ventricle
The “lub,” or first heart sound, is a result of the _______ valves closing as the ________ contract.
atrioventricular
ventricles
The inner visceral layer of the pericardium is also called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. parietal pericardium endocardium mesocardium epicardium
epicardium
