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Biology 5 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
A disorder of the respiratory system characterized by the destruction of the alveolar walls is called
A - chronic bronchitis.
B - emphysema.
C - pleurisy.
D - asthma.
E - tuberculosis.
A

EMPHYSEMA

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2
Q

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood are monitored by chemoreceptors in the brain stem and ventricles.
true or false

A

FALSE BRAIN STEM AND AORTA

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3
Q 
The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called
  pulmonary ventilation. 
  internal respiration. 
  external respiration. 
  expiration. 
  inspiration.
A

internal respiration

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4
Q

Match the lung volumes in the diagram below to their descriptions.

Lung Volumes and Capacities.png

A
B
C
D

A

A - INSPIRATORY VOLUME
B - VITAL CAPACITY
C - TOTAL LUNG VOLUME
D - FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL

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5
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system

A

provide the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide waste

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6
Q

this is the term for moving air in and out of the lungs

A

breathing

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7
Q

this is the term for the exchange of carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood

A

external respiration

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8
Q

this moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues

A

gas transport

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9
Q

this is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the body tissues

A

internal respiration

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10
Q

the respiratory system can be organized in two ways

A

structurally

functionally

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11
Q

structurally this includes the nasal cavity and pharynx

A

upper respiratory system

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12
Q

structurally this includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

A

lower respiratory system

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13
Q

functionally this zone conduct air into the body and as air comes in it is filtered warmed and moistened

A

conducting zone

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14
Q

functionally this zone is where gas exchange occurs and it is in the deep tissues of the lungs

A

respiratory zone

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15
Q

this filters air moistens the air and is responsible for smelling

A

the nasal cavity

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16
Q

this is the passageway for food drink and air

A

pharynx

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17
Q

the upper respiratory system is part of what zone

A

conducting zone

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18
Q

this is part of the lower respiratory system and is also known as the voicebox

A

larynx

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19
Q

this directs air bot not other materials down the respiratory passage and is responsible for vocalization

A

larynx

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20
Q

this is the term for vibrations of the vocal cords that create your voice

A

vocalization

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21
Q

this is the lid over the trachea, it closes when you swallow food or drink

A

epiglottis

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22
Q

this is the major cartilage of the larynx and contains the “adam’s Apple”

A

Thyroid cartilage

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23
Q

what are the two different types of vocal cords

A

false vocal cords

true vocal cords

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24
Q

these vocal cords are superior and they do not produce sounds but do help anchor the vocal cords

A

false vocal cords

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25
Q

these vocal cords are inferior and produce sounds

A

true vocal cords

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26
Q

this is produced by the tautness of vocal cords

A

pitch

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27
Q

if the vocal cords are tight what pitch it produced

A

higher pitches

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28
Q

if the vocal cords are looser what pitch is produced

A

lower pitches

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29
Q

at this time the vocal cords are near the sides of the larynx, and the glottis is open

A

during quiet breathing

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30
Q

at this time the vocal cords are stretched over the glottis and vibrate as air passes through them.

A

during speech

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31
Q

this is part of the lower respiratory system and is also known as the windpipe

A

trachea

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32
Q

what is the trachea held open by

A

rings of cartilage in a c shape

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33
Q

what are the rings of cartilage in the trachea for

A

to keep the trachea open without these the trachea would collapse every time you took a breath

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34
Q

this allows the esophagus to expand when you swallow

A

the open end of the trachea

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35
Q

this part of the lower respiratory system is a series of large tubes that look like limbs of trees that contain cartilage and that actually enter each of your lungs

A

bronchi plural form

bronchus singular form

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36
Q

these are the smaller branches on the tree, they are smaller tubes that do not contain cartilage but instead contains smooth muscle and can constrict or dilate depending on the bodies need for oxygen

A

bronchioles

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37
Q

the bronchioles get smaller and smaller until they meet what

A

the alveoli

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38
Q

the bronchial tree starts with these

A

primary bronchus 2 of them 1 for each lung

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39
Q

from the primary bronchus branches these branch out into what

A

secondary bronchus which feed each lobe of the lung

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40
Q

how many secondary bronchus are there in each lung

A

3 in the right for each lobe

2 in the left for each lobe

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41
Q

from the secondary bronchus these branch out into what

A

tertiary branches and there are many of these in each lung

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42
Q

from the tertiary branches what do these branch out to

A

terminal bronchiole there are many like stems for grapes

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43
Q

from the terminal bronchiole these branch out into what

A

respiratory bronchiole which are the tiniest branches or stems that lead to each lobule or sac of alveoli

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44
Q

these are the grape cluster-like structures where gas exchange occurs that are surrounded by capillaries, they make up the majority of the lung tissue

A

alveoli

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45
Q

where capillaries and alveolus membranes meet, is the site of gas exchange know as what

A

respiratory membrane

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46
Q

these are each of the small air filled sacs that make up the alveoli grape like clusters (the individual grapes)

A

alveolus

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47
Q

these are part of the lower respiratory system the right has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes

A

lungs

48
Q

why does the left lung only have two lobes

A

because a big notch is taken out to make room for the heart

49
Q

this is a double layer membrane that surrounds each lung

A

pleural membrane

50
Q

this is in between each of the layers of the pleural membrane and contains serous fluid to help reduce friction

A

pleural cavity

51
Q

what are the names of the three lobes in the right lung

A

superior
middle
inferior

52
Q

what are the names of the two lobes in the left lung

A

superior and inferior

53
Q

this is composed of 4 processes

A

respiration

54
Q

this is the first process of respiration that involves breathing in and out

A

pulmonary ventilation

55
Q

this is the second process of respiration that includes gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen is exchanged for co2

A

external respiration

56
Q

this is the third process of respiration that involves moving this through circulatory system and through blood vessels

A

gas transport

57
Q

this is the fourth process of respiration that is gas exchange in the tissues where CO2 is exchanged for oxygen

A

internal respiration

58
Q

what are the two types of control of the breathing rate

A

neural

chemical

59
Q

in Neural control these centers in the brain stem control basic breathing rhythm

A

respiratory centers

60
Q

where are the respiratory centers located

A

in the medulla and its assistant the pons

61
Q

in chemical control of the breathing rate these are found in the brain stem and aorta

A

chemoreceptors

62
Q

this is the most important chemical that influences breathing

A

carbon dioxide

63
Q

more carbon dioxide (CO2) in the system causes what

A

breathing rate to increase to get rid of excess CO2

64
Q

this part of pulmonary ventilation involves the diaphragm contracting, the chest cavity volume increasing and a pressure decrease in the lungs

A

inhalation

65
Q

air flows from an area of _______ ______ (outside of the body) to an area of ______ ______ (inside the lungs)

A

from an area of high pressure

to an area of low pressure

66
Q

during inhalation the chest cavity _______ in size and pressure within the lungs ________.

A

chest cavity increases in size

pressure within the lungs decreases

67
Q

when the diaphragm contracts the lungs _______ and air moves __.

A

lungs expand and air moves in

68
Q

this mechanism of breathing is a passive process in which the diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity volume decreases and pressure increases

A

exhalation

69
Q

during exhalation air flows from an area of ____ ______ (inside lungs) to an area of ______ ________ (outside the body)

A

from an area of high pressure

to an area low pressure

70
Q

what is the difference between normal and forced exhalation

A

forced exhalation involves contraction of additional muscles

71
Q

during exhalation the rib cage moved ____ and ______

A

down and inward

72
Q

during exhalation the intercostal muscles _______

A

relax

73
Q

during exhalation the diaphragm ________ and moves _______.

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves upward

74
Q

during exhalation the chest cavity _______ in size, and pressure within the lungs _______.

A

chest cavity decreases in size and pressure increases within the lungs

75
Q

what happens to the lungs during exhalation that causes air to move out

A

they recoil

76
Q

there are four different types of lung volumes what are they

A

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

77
Q

this is the amount of air you breathe in and out when breathing normally

A

tidal volume

78
Q

this is the amount of air you can breathe in after a normal inhalation

A

inspiratory reserve volume

79
Q

this is the amount of air you can breathe out after a normal exhalation

A

expiratory reserve volume

80
Q

this is the amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling as much as possible

A

residual volume

81
Q

what are the different lung volumes measured with

A

spirometer

82
Q

what are the two types of lung capacity

A

vital capacity

total lung capacity

83
Q

this is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled from the lungs

A

vital capacity

84
Q

this is the total amount of air in the lungs after you take as deep a breath as possible

A

total lung capacity

85
Q

when looking at the diagram of lung volume from 3000 to 6000 ml’s the top half only of the graph represents what?

A

inspiratory reserve

86
Q

when looking at the diagram of lung volume the wavy lines that go from 2500 to 2900 ml’s represent what?

A

tidal volume

87
Q

when looking at the diagram of lung volume the entire graph from 0 to 6000 ml’s represents what?

A

total lung capacity

88
Q

when looking at the diagram of lung volume from the bottom of the tidal volume at 2500 to about 1200 ml’s represents what?

A

expiratory reserve volume

89
Q

when looking at the diagram of lung volume the very bottom small portion from 0 to 1100 ml’s represents what?

A

residual volume

90
Q

when looking at the diagram of lung volume the portion that covers from 1100 to the very top at 6000 ml’s represents what?

A

vital capacity

91
Q

This test is used to determine if a person has an obstructive or restrictive disease

A

pulmonary function tests

92
Q

what are the names of the two pulmonary function tests

A

FVC forced vital capacity

FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second

93
Q

this pulmonary function test is on the volume of air a person can forcibly and maximally exhale after taking a deep breath.

A

FVC forced vital capacity

94
Q

this pulmonary function test is on the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in the first second of an exhale.

A

FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second

95
Q

In this type of disease the individual has difficulty exhaling air from their lungs due to damage or narrowing of the airways.

A

Obstructive disease

96
Q

In this type of disease the individual has difficulty expanding the lungs to fill with air usually caused by increasing stiffness in the lung tissue or weakness of chest muscles.

A

Restrictive Disease

97
Q

pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis and obesity belong in which disease class

A

Restrictive diseases

98
Q

asthma bronchitis or COPD belong in which disease class

A

Obstructive disease

99
Q

In this disease smooth muscle of the bronchioles contract and narrows the airway, mucous fills the narrow airways, further increasing breathing difficulty.

A

Asthma

100
Q

how are acute asthma attacks treated?

A

with medications to reduce the muscle spasms and open the airways like Albuterol

101
Q

This is an infection or inflammation of the alveoli that leads to fluid build up in the lungs that can be caused by a number of organisms such as viral, bacterial, or fungal

A

Pneumonia

102
Q

how does pneumonia affect gas exchange in the lungs?

A

respiratory membrane gets thicker because of fluid so when you breathe oxygen into your lungs it has to pass through this fluid before it can reach the respiratory membranes so gas exchange is much less effective and it is going to be hard to keep tissues oxygenated

103
Q

This is an obstructive disease where you can’t get air out properly; walls of alveoli breakdown and merge making the alveoli larger, and lungs lose elasticity and air becomes trapped in them, and taking deeper breaths only furthers the problem

A

emphysema

104
Q

when a person has emphysema and the walls of the alveoli breakdown and merge making the alveoli larger what does this lead to

A

less alveoli leads to decreased gas exchange

105
Q

what happens when a person with emphysema tries to take deeper breaths

A

more alveoli merge and now even less gas exchange can occur

106
Q 
Which of the following structures in the respiratory system is commonly called the Adam’s apple?
  thyroid cartilage 
  epiglottis 
  tracheal cartilage 
  arytenoid cartilage 
  laryngopharynx
A

thyroid cartilage

107
Q 
The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called
  pulmonary ventilation. 
  internal respiration. 
  external respiration. 
  expiration. 
  inspiration.
A

internal respiration.

108
Q

true or false

In order for inspiration to occur, the volume of the thoracic cavity needs to be increased.

A

true

109
Q 
Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
  respiratory bronchioles 
  terminal bronchioles 
  bronchi 
  nose 
  pharynx
A

respiratory bronchioles

110
Q 
The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation is the
  tidal volume. 
  residual volume. 
  inspiratory reserve volume. 
  expiratory reserve volume. 
  minute volume of respiration.
A

expiratory reserve volume.

111
Q 
The volume of air in one normal breath is called the
  total lung capacity. 
  vital capacity. 
  tidal volume. 
  functional residual capacity. 
  residual volume.
A

tidal volume.

112
Q

Which of the following lists a correct order in which inhaled air sequentially moves through the structures of the respiratory passageway?
pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi

A

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

113
Q

Which of the following statements are true of obstructive respiratory disease?
The individual has difficulty exhaling air from the lungs.
Damage or narrowing of the airways inhibits air flow.
Asthma, bronchitis and COPD are examples of obstructive pulmonary diseases.
All of these answers are correct.

A

All of these answers are correct.

114
Q

Which of the following are components of the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system?
larynx
trachea
terminal bronchioles
alveolar ducts
both terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts

A

alveolar ducts

115
Q

true or false

In the neck, the trachea is located lateral to the esophagus.

A

false

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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