Chapter 18 Flashcards
A disorder of the respiratory system characterized by the destruction of the alveolar walls is called A - chronic bronchitis. B - emphysema. C - pleurisy. D - asthma. E - tuberculosis.
EMPHYSEMA
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood are monitored by chemoreceptors in the brain stem and ventricles.
true or false
FALSE BRAIN STEM AND AORTA
The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called pulmonary ventilation. internal respiration. external respiration. expiration. inspiration.
internal respiration
Match the lung volumes in the diagram below to their descriptions.
Lung Volumes and Capacities.png
A
B
C
D
A - INSPIRATORY VOLUME
B - VITAL CAPACITY
C - TOTAL LUNG VOLUME
D - FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL
what is the function of the respiratory system
provide the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide waste
this is the term for moving air in and out of the lungs
breathing
this is the term for the exchange of carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood
external respiration
this moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues
gas transport
this is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the body tissues
internal respiration
the respiratory system can be organized in two ways
structurally
functionally
structurally this includes the nasal cavity and pharynx
upper respiratory system
structurally this includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
lower respiratory system
functionally this zone conduct air into the body and as air comes in it is filtered warmed and moistened
conducting zone
functionally this zone is where gas exchange occurs and it is in the deep tissues of the lungs
respiratory zone
this filters air moistens the air and is responsible for smelling
the nasal cavity
this is the passageway for food drink and air
pharynx
the upper respiratory system is part of what zone
conducting zone
this is part of the lower respiratory system and is also known as the voicebox
larynx
this directs air bot not other materials down the respiratory passage and is responsible for vocalization
larynx
this is the term for vibrations of the vocal cords that create your voice
vocalization
this is the lid over the trachea, it closes when you swallow food or drink
epiglottis
this is the major cartilage of the larynx and contains the “adam’s Apple”
Thyroid cartilage
what are the two different types of vocal cords
false vocal cords
true vocal cords
these vocal cords are superior and they do not produce sounds but do help anchor the vocal cords
false vocal cords
these vocal cords are inferior and produce sounds
true vocal cords
this is produced by the tautness of vocal cords
pitch
if the vocal cords are tight what pitch it produced
higher pitches
if the vocal cords are looser what pitch is produced
lower pitches
at this time the vocal cords are near the sides of the larynx, and the glottis is open
during quiet breathing
at this time the vocal cords are stretched over the glottis and vibrate as air passes through them.
during speech
this is part of the lower respiratory system and is also known as the windpipe
trachea
what is the trachea held open by
rings of cartilage in a c shape
what are the rings of cartilage in the trachea for
to keep the trachea open without these the trachea would collapse every time you took a breath
this allows the esophagus to expand when you swallow
the open end of the trachea
this part of the lower respiratory system is a series of large tubes that look like limbs of trees that contain cartilage and that actually enter each of your lungs
bronchi plural form
bronchus singular form
these are the smaller branches on the tree, they are smaller tubes that do not contain cartilage but instead contains smooth muscle and can constrict or dilate depending on the bodies need for oxygen
bronchioles
the bronchioles get smaller and smaller until they meet what
the alveoli
the bronchial tree starts with these
primary bronchus 2 of them 1 for each lung
from the primary bronchus branches these branch out into what
secondary bronchus which feed each lobe of the lung
how many secondary bronchus are there in each lung
3 in the right for each lobe
2 in the left for each lobe
from the secondary bronchus these branch out into what
tertiary branches and there are many of these in each lung
from the tertiary branches what do these branch out to
terminal bronchiole there are many like stems for grapes
from the terminal bronchiole these branch out into what
respiratory bronchiole which are the tiniest branches or stems that lead to each lobule or sac of alveoli
these are the grape cluster-like structures where gas exchange occurs that are surrounded by capillaries, they make up the majority of the lung tissue
alveoli
where capillaries and alveolus membranes meet, is the site of gas exchange know as what
respiratory membrane
these are each of the small air filled sacs that make up the alveoli grape like clusters (the individual grapes)
alveolus
these are part of the lower respiratory system the right has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes
lungs
why does the left lung only have two lobes
because a big notch is taken out to make room for the heart
this is a double layer membrane that surrounds each lung
pleural membrane
this is in between each of the layers of the pleural membrane and contains serous fluid to help reduce friction
pleural cavity
what are the names of the three lobes in the right lung
superior
middle
inferior
what are the names of the two lobes in the left lung
superior and inferior
this is composed of 4 processes
respiration
this is the first process of respiration that involves breathing in and out
pulmonary ventilation
this is the second process of respiration that includes gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen is exchanged for co2
external respiration
this is the third process of respiration that involves moving this through circulatory system and through blood vessels
gas transport
this is the fourth process of respiration that is gas exchange in the tissues where CO2 is exchanged for oxygen
internal respiration
what are the two types of control of the breathing rate
neural
chemical
in Neural control these centers in the brain stem control basic breathing rhythm
respiratory centers
where are the respiratory centers located
in the medulla and its assistant the pons
in chemical control of the breathing rate these are found in the brain stem and aorta
chemoreceptors
this is the most important chemical that influences breathing
carbon dioxide
more carbon dioxide (CO2) in the system causes what
breathing rate to increase to get rid of excess CO2
this part of pulmonary ventilation involves the diaphragm contracting, the chest cavity volume increasing and a pressure decrease in the lungs
inhalation
air flows from an area of _______ ______ (outside of the body) to an area of ______ ______ (inside the lungs)
from an area of high pressure
to an area of low pressure
during inhalation the chest cavity _______ in size and pressure within the lungs ________.
chest cavity increases in size
pressure within the lungs decreases
when the diaphragm contracts the lungs _______ and air moves __.
lungs expand and air moves in
this mechanism of breathing is a passive process in which the diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity volume decreases and pressure increases
exhalation
during exhalation air flows from an area of ____ ______ (inside lungs) to an area of ______ ________ (outside the body)
from an area of high pressure
to an area low pressure
what is the difference between normal and forced exhalation
forced exhalation involves contraction of additional muscles
during exhalation the rib cage moved ____ and ______
down and inward
during exhalation the intercostal muscles _______
relax
during exhalation the diaphragm ________ and moves _______.
diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
during exhalation the chest cavity _______ in size, and pressure within the lungs _______.
chest cavity decreases in size and pressure increases within the lungs
what happens to the lungs during exhalation that causes air to move out
they recoil
there are four different types of lung volumes what are they
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
this is the amount of air you breathe in and out when breathing normally
tidal volume
this is the amount of air you can breathe in after a normal inhalation
inspiratory reserve volume
this is the amount of air you can breathe out after a normal exhalation
expiratory reserve volume
this is the amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling as much as possible
residual volume
what are the different lung volumes measured with
spirometer
what are the two types of lung capacity
vital capacity
total lung capacity
this is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled from the lungs
vital capacity
this is the total amount of air in the lungs after you take as deep a breath as possible
total lung capacity
when looking at the diagram of lung volume from 3000 to 6000 ml’s the top half only of the graph represents what?
inspiratory reserve
when looking at the diagram of lung volume the wavy lines that go from 2500 to 2900 ml’s represent what?
tidal volume
when looking at the diagram of lung volume the entire graph from 0 to 6000 ml’s represents what?
total lung capacity
when looking at the diagram of lung volume from the bottom of the tidal volume at 2500 to about 1200 ml’s represents what?
expiratory reserve volume
when looking at the diagram of lung volume the very bottom small portion from 0 to 1100 ml’s represents what?
residual volume
when looking at the diagram of lung volume the portion that covers from 1100 to the very top at 6000 ml’s represents what?
vital capacity
This test is used to determine if a person has an obstructive or restrictive disease
pulmonary function tests
what are the names of the two pulmonary function tests
FVC forced vital capacity
FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second
this pulmonary function test is on the volume of air a person can forcibly and maximally exhale after taking a deep breath.
FVC forced vital capacity
this pulmonary function test is on the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in the first second of an exhale.
FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second
In this type of disease the individual has difficulty exhaling air from their lungs due to damage or narrowing of the airways.
Obstructive disease
In this type of disease the individual has difficulty expanding the lungs to fill with air usually caused by increasing stiffness in the lung tissue or weakness of chest muscles.
Restrictive Disease
pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis and obesity belong in which disease class
Restrictive diseases
asthma bronchitis or COPD belong in which disease class
Obstructive disease
In this disease smooth muscle of the bronchioles contract and narrows the airway, mucous fills the narrow airways, further increasing breathing difficulty.
Asthma
how are acute asthma attacks treated?
with medications to reduce the muscle spasms and open the airways like Albuterol
This is an infection or inflammation of the alveoli that leads to fluid build up in the lungs that can be caused by a number of organisms such as viral, bacterial, or fungal
Pneumonia
how does pneumonia affect gas exchange in the lungs?
respiratory membrane gets thicker because of fluid so when you breathe oxygen into your lungs it has to pass through this fluid before it can reach the respiratory membranes so gas exchange is much less effective and it is going to be hard to keep tissues oxygenated
This is an obstructive disease where you can’t get air out properly; walls of alveoli breakdown and merge making the alveoli larger, and lungs lose elasticity and air becomes trapped in them, and taking deeper breaths only furthers the problem
emphysema
when a person has emphysema and the walls of the alveoli breakdown and merge making the alveoli larger what does this lead to
less alveoli leads to decreased gas exchange
what happens when a person with emphysema tries to take deeper breaths
more alveoli merge and now even less gas exchange can occur
Which of the following structures in the respiratory system is commonly called the Adam’s apple? thyroid cartilage epiglottis tracheal cartilage arytenoid cartilage laryngopharynx
thyroid cartilage
The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called pulmonary ventilation. internal respiration. external respiration. expiration. inspiration.
internal respiration.
true or false
In order for inspiration to occur, the volume of the thoracic cavity needs to be increased.
true
Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting zone of the respiratory system? respiratory bronchioles terminal bronchioles bronchi nose pharynx
respiratory bronchioles
The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation is the tidal volume. residual volume. inspiratory reserve volume. expiratory reserve volume. minute volume of respiration.
expiratory reserve volume.
The volume of air in one normal breath is called the total lung capacity. vital capacity. tidal volume. functional residual capacity. residual volume.
tidal volume.
Which of the following lists a correct order in which inhaled air sequentially moves through the structures of the respiratory passageway?
pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Which of the following statements are true of obstructive respiratory disease?
The individual has difficulty exhaling air from the lungs.
Damage or narrowing of the airways inhibits air flow.
Asthma, bronchitis and COPD are examples of obstructive pulmonary diseases.
All of these answers are correct.
All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following are components of the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system?
larynx
trachea
terminal bronchioles
alveolar ducts
both terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts
true or false
In the neck, the trachea is located lateral to the esophagus.
false
