Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 5 > chap 19 > Flashcards

chap 19 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an organ system which performs many processes that break down and absorb food

A

the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the seven primary organs of the digestive system (mpessla)

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system (splg)

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

these organs assist in digestion with some enzyme or fluid that breaks down food but don’t actually process food

A

accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions takes place using these three body parts

A

teeth
tongue
oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, and many other vital functions are the function of this body part.

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

storage and concentration of bile from the liver takes place here

A

gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones from this organ

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dehydration and compaction of undigestable materials in preparation for elimination take place in this organ

A

large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

secretions of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates come from this body part

A

salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus is the function of this organ

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

transport of materials to the stomach takes place through this

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions take place here

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions take place here

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the six functions of the digestive system?

A 
ingestion
secretion
mixing and propulsion
digestion both chemical and mechanical
absorption through blood or lymph
defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

food being physically broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth tongue stomach and small intestine are all a part of what kind of digestion

A

mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

food broken down into smaller molecules by chemicals called enzymes by the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder and small intestine are what type of digestion

A

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 4 layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the innermost layer composed of epithelium that helps food move through the GI tract as well as protect it is what layer of the GI tract

A

mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

this is a mucous membrane that lines the GI tract and secretes mucous that lubricates and protects the GI tract

A

mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

this is the layer outside of mucosa that is made up of connective tissue blood and lymph, vessels and nerves; neurons located here control the secretions

A

submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels lymph vessels and nerves

A

submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

this layer is made up of two layers of smooth muscle one circular and one longitudinal

A

muscularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

this layer is a connective tissue covering that secretes a fluid to lubricate the outside of the GI tract

A

serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

this is the layer of smooth muscle outside the submucosa that is made up of multiple layers 2-3 that helps move food via peristalsis

A

muscularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the sweeping wave that squeezes food through the digestive system

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

this is the outer layer of the GI tract that is also known as the visceral peritoneum and it helps protect the GI tract from the other abdominal organs

A

serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

this is made up of two layers one lines the outside of abdominal organs and one lines the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

visceral layer lines outside and parietal layer lines the abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the two major folds of the peritoneum

A

greater omentum

mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

this lies oval all the organs and is the location where people develop a beer belly

A

greater omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

this attaches the small intestine to the posterior wall

A

mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the function of the mouth within the digestive system

A

mechanical digestion by the teeth

chemical digestion by the salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do the salivary glands secrete that works on starches

A

salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

this accessory organ helps move food to the back of the mouth for swallowing

A

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

these have two sets and are part of mechanical digestion

A

teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the three major regions of teeth

A

crown
root
neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

this is the visible portion of the tooth

A

crown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

this is below the gums embedded in bone

A

root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

this is the junction between the root and the crown at the gum line

A

neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

this is calcified connective tissue that is covered with enamel

A

dentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the names of the two sets of teeth

A

deciduous and permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

these are 4 teeth around the midline that are used for cutting food

A

incisors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

these are adjacent to lateral incisors that are used to tear and shred food

A

canines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is another name for canines

A

cuspids they have one cusp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

these are posterior to canines and each person has two sets they are used for crushing and grinding, they have two cusps

A

premolars or bicuspids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

these are the posterior most teeth, each person has 3 sets and one of them is usually removed

A

molars

wisdom teeth are usually removed the very back set of molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

this houses the esophagus

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

this is composed of skeletal and smooth muscle

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

this regulates food entering into the stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the name of the condition that people get when their lower esophageal sphincter does not make a tight seal and instead allows bile to enter back up into the esophagus

A

GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the name gives to the bitefull of food that you swallow and describe the muscle action that takes place during swallowing

A

Bolus
voluntary skeletal muscle at the beginning of the esophagus is used when you first swallow a bolus of food then involuntary smooth muscle takes over and waves of contractions in the smooth muscle push the food down the esophagus into the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what four regions make up stomach anatomy

A

fundus
cardia
body
pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

this is the domed top part of the stomach that sits to the left of the cardia

A

fundus

54
Q

this is the 1st part that the food passes into through the lower esophageal sphincter

A

cardia

55
Q

this is the main region of the stomach

A

body

56
Q

this is where the stomach starts to narrow out and moves into the intestine

A

pylorus

57
Q

what are the three structures that make up the stomach

A

pyloric sphincter
rugae
3 layers of muscle

58
Q

this structure of the stomach controls the passage of food from the pylorus into the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

59
Q

these are folds in the stomach that allow the stomach to expand

A

rugae

60
Q

these are the part of the stomach used for contractions to mix food with enzymes and other digestive juices

A

3 layers of muscle

61
Q

what are the three functions of the stomach

A

storing and regulating food release into the small intestine
liquifying of food
initial chemical digestion of proteins

62
Q

what is the name of the liquified food made in the stomach

A

chyme

63
Q

what helps to liquify the food and breakdown proteins

A

gastric juices and muscle contractions

64
Q

what does gastric juice contains that breaks down proteins

A

hydrochloric acid HCI and pepsin

65
Q

what enzyme only works at low ph levels that exist in the stomach

A

pepsin

66
Q

what are the 2 functions of the pancreas

A

regulate blood glucose levels

secrete pancreatic juice

67
Q

how does the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels

A

through the secretion of insulin and glucagon

68
Q

what is pancreatic juice made up of

A

bicarbonate an important buffer that helps regulate ph and other enzymes that continue to break down sugars and begin the digestion of fats

69
Q

the anatomy of the pancreas is made up of what three parts

A

pancreatic duct
acini cells
Islets of Langerhans

70
Q

these are the exocrine cells from the pancreas

A

Acini cells

71
Q

these are the endocrine cells from the pancreas that make insulin and glucagon

A

Islets of Langerhans

72
Q

this is the very large organ that helps in digestion

A

liver

73
Q

what are the three main functions of the liver and what does it send to the gallbladder for storage

A

produces bile
regulates glucose levels
processes drugs and hormones
bile goes to the gallbladder for storage

74
Q

the gallbladder stores bile that it then secretes into the _______ via the _____ _____ ____

A

secreted into the duodenum

through the common bile duct

75
Q

the pigmentation found in the gallbladder comes from what

A

bilirubin

76
Q

what is the function of the bile that the gallbladder secretes into the duodenum via the common bile duct

A

to emulsify fats

77
Q

these are crystals made from cholesterol that bile contains which may block the bile duct and often require surgical removal

A

gallstones

78
Q

what are the two functions of the small intestine

A

most of the chemical digestion in the GI tract is done here

absorption of nutrients and water

79
Q

what are the three divisions of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

80
Q

both the pancreas and gallbladder empty juices into this part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

81
Q

this is the middle section of the small intestine

A

jejunum

82
Q

this is the last part of the small intestine which empties into the colon

A

ileum

83
Q

where does the majority of chemical digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine

A

jejunum and ileum

84
Q

this part of the small intestines anatomy increases absorption and is spiraled to allow mixing to take place

A

circular folds

85
Q

these are found within the circular folds and are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface

A

villi

86
Q

these cover the villi and further increase the absorptive surface of the small intestines

A

microvilli

87
Q

embedded in each villus are what

A

lymph and blood vessels

88
Q

what is the name of the lymph vessel that’s job is to absorb lipids

A

lacteal

89
Q

the small intestines digestion is mechanical via what

A

segmentation (mixing)

90
Q

segmentation is mixing of contents with enzymes not _____ ______ forward like ________

A

it does not propel food forward like peristalsis does

91
Q

this is the chemical digestion in the small intestine

A

enzymes break down any large molecules into their smallest component so that they can be absorbed

92
Q

what bodily function problem can occur in the small intestines

A

lactose intolerance

93
Q

the small intestine absorbs what three things

A

monosaccharides
amino acids
lipids

94
Q

monosaccharides enter intestinal cells via ______ _____ or _______ _____ then use ________ _____ to enter capillaries

A

monosaccharides enter intestinal cells via active transport or facilitated diffusion and use facilitated diffusion to enter capillaries

95
Q

amino acids enter intestinal cells via _____ _______ then use _____ to enter capillaries

A

amino acids enter intestinal cells via active transport then use diffusion to enter capillaries

96
Q

where do amino acids and monosaccharides go before they enter into general circulation

A

they go to the liver first then into general circulation

97
Q

lipids enter the intestinal cells via ______ and are packaged into _______ AND then enter the lymph via the _________ located in the villus

A

lipids enter via diffusion
get packaged into chylomicrons
enter the lymph via the lacteal in the villus

98
Q

this is the pouch located below the junction of the small and large intestine that makes up the first part of the large intestine

A

cecum

99
Q

this is the slender little pouch off of the cecum

A

appendix

100
Q

the appendix has no digestive function but it does contain ____ _____ that controls _______ entering the large intestine

A

contains lymphatic tissue

controls bacteria

101
Q

this is caused by a blockage normally from a piece of food in the cecum, that causes bacteria that normally appears in the appendix to multiply and cause infection

A

appendicitis

102
Q

what are the symptoms of appendicitis

A

at first mild pain near belly button that moves towards the lower right abdomen, fever, nausea and vomiting

103
Q

if appendicitis is left untreated what can happen

A

it may rupture and lead to sepsis from the leakage of intestinal contents into the abdomen, the only treatment is surgical removal of appendix

104
Q

this organ absorbs 90% of remaining water

A

colon or large intestine

105
Q

what are the five sections that make up the colon or large intestine

A 
cecum
ascending 
transverse
descending 
sigmoid
106
Q

this is the temporary storage site of feces as food moves through it accumulates and sensory receptors sense fullness

A

rectum

107
Q

this is the smooth muscle that involuntarily relaxes once the rectum becomes full of feces and is responsible for the urge to defecate

A

internal anal sphincter

108
Q

this is the skeletal muscle that you voluntary release when you defecate

A

external anal sphincter

109
Q

the fecal matter passes through this external opening when you defecate

A

anus

110
Q

the series of events that trigger defecation are known as what

A

defecation reflex

111
Q

what are the series of steps that make up the defecation reflex

A

movement of feces into the rectum activates stretch receptors which trigger the defecation reflex, the internal anal sphincter relaxes automatically once the rectum is full causing the urge to defecate and then you voluntarily release the external anal sphincter when you actually defecate

112
Q

what are the three overlapping phases of digestion

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

113
Q

this phase takes place when you smell, see or think of food which stimulates salivation and secretion of gastric juices it is known as the brain phase

A

cephalic phase

114
Q

this takes place when secretions increase and movement of the stomach is increased to promote entry of chyme into the small intestines

A

gastric phase

115
Q

this takes place when events slow down the exit of chyme from the stomach and promote continued digestion

A

intestinal phase

116
Q

An individual with a “beer belly” likely has large fat deposits in the greater omentum
true or false.

A

true

117
Q 
The small intestinal enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of milk sugar into a glucose and galactose is called
  sucrase. 
  maltase. 
  amylase. 
  lactase. 
  ribonuclease.
A

lactase

118
Q

The circular folds, villi, and microvilli of the small intestine all function to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.
true or false

A

true

119
Q

The inner lining of the GI tract is a mucous membrane.

true or false

A

true

120
Q 
All of the following are regions of the stomach EXCEPT the
  cardia. 
  duodenum. 
  fundus. 
  body. 
  pylorus
A

duodenum.

121
Q 
The appendix is attached to the
  cecum. 
  ileum. 
  ascending colon. 
  descending colon. 
  rectum.
A

cecum

122
Q

The exocrine portion of the pancreas
consists of acini.
secretes several different enzymes to digest nutrient molecules in food.
secretes bicarbonate that helps neutralize gastric acid in the chyme.
connects to the GI tract by the pancreatic duct.
does all of these things.

A

does all of these things

123
Q 
Chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting into food are called
  incisors 
  cuspids 
  premolars 
  molars
A

incisors

124
Q 
The layer of the GI tract wall containing a large number of blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules is called the
  mucosa 
  submucosa 
  muscularis 
  serosa
A

submucosa

125
Q 
The first portion of the large intestine is called the
  ascending colon. 
  cecum. 
  transverse colon. 
  rectum. 
  sigmoid colon.
A

cecum

126
Q

The gallbladder produces bile and secretes the bile into the duodenum via the common bile duct.
true or false

A

false it does not produce the liver does it stores and secretes

127
Q

The absorption of fructose across the microvillar surface of intestinal epithelial cells, marked B in the figure, occurs by (sugars)

A

facilitated diffusion

128
Q

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are considered to be part of the pharynx?

A

a c and e

129
Q 
Chyme is released from the stomach into the
  duodenum. 
  esophagus. 
  jejunum. 
  ileum. 
  cecum.
A

duodenum

130
Q 
Which of the following digestion products are absorbed into the lacteals found within the villi?
  monosaccharides 
  amino acids 
  tripeptides 
  nucleic acids 
  chylomicrons
A

chylomicrons

Biology 5 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions