chap 19 Flashcards
an organ system which performs many processes that break down and absorb food
the digestive system
what are the seven primary organs of the digestive system (mpessla)
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
what are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system (splg)
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
these organs assist in digestion with some enzyme or fluid that breaks down food but don’t actually process food
accessory organs
mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions takes place using these three body parts
teeth
tongue
oral cavity
secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, and many other vital functions are the function of this body part.
liver
storage and concentration of bile from the liver takes place here
gallbladder
exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones from this organ
pancreas
dehydration and compaction of undigestable materials in preparation for elimination take place in this organ
large intestine
secretions of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates come from this body part
salivary glands
muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus is the function of this organ
pharynx
transport of materials to the stomach takes place through this
esophagus
chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions take place here
stomach
enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions take place here
small intestine
what are the six functions of the digestive system?
ingestion secretion mixing and propulsion digestion both chemical and mechanical absorption through blood or lymph defecation
food being physically broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth tongue stomach and small intestine are all a part of what kind of digestion
mechanical
food broken down into smaller molecules by chemicals called enzymes by the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder and small intestine are what type of digestion
chemical
what are the 4 layers of the GI tract
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
the innermost layer composed of epithelium that helps food move through the GI tract as well as protect it is what layer of the GI tract
mucosa
this is a mucous membrane that lines the GI tract and secretes mucous that lubricates and protects the GI tract
mucosa
this is the layer outside of mucosa that is made up of connective tissue blood and lymph, vessels and nerves; neurons located here control the secretions
submucosa
the layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels lymph vessels and nerves
submucosa
this layer is made up of two layers of smooth muscle one circular and one longitudinal
muscularis
this layer is a connective tissue covering that secretes a fluid to lubricate the outside of the GI tract
serosa
this is the layer of smooth muscle outside the submucosa that is made up of multiple layers 2-3 that helps move food via peristalsis
muscularis
the sweeping wave that squeezes food through the digestive system
peristalsis
this is the outer layer of the GI tract that is also known as the visceral peritoneum and it helps protect the GI tract from the other abdominal organs
serosa
this is made up of two layers one lines the outside of abdominal organs and one lines the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
visceral layer lines outside and parietal layer lines the abdominal cavity
what are the two major folds of the peritoneum
greater omentum
mesentery
this lies oval all the organs and is the location where people develop a beer belly
greater omentum
this attaches the small intestine to the posterior wall
mesentery
what is the function of the mouth within the digestive system
mechanical digestion by the teeth
chemical digestion by the salivary glands
what do the salivary glands secrete that works on starches
salivary amylase
this accessory organ helps move food to the back of the mouth for swallowing
tongue
these have two sets and are part of mechanical digestion
teeth
what are the three major regions of teeth
crown
root
neck
this is the visible portion of the tooth
crown
this is below the gums embedded in bone
root
this is the junction between the root and the crown at the gum line
neck
this is calcified connective tissue that is covered with enamel
dentin
what are the names of the two sets of teeth
deciduous and permanent
these are 4 teeth around the midline that are used for cutting food
incisors
these are adjacent to lateral incisors that are used to tear and shred food
canines
what is another name for canines
cuspids they have one cusp
these are posterior to canines and each person has two sets they are used for crushing and grinding, they have two cusps
premolars or bicuspids
these are the posterior most teeth, each person has 3 sets and one of them is usually removed
molars
wisdom teeth are usually removed the very back set of molars
this houses the esophagus
pharynx
this is composed of skeletal and smooth muscle
esophagus
this regulates food entering into the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
what is the name of the condition that people get when their lower esophageal sphincter does not make a tight seal and instead allows bile to enter back up into the esophagus
GERD
what is the name gives to the bitefull of food that you swallow and describe the muscle action that takes place during swallowing
Bolus
voluntary skeletal muscle at the beginning of the esophagus is used when you first swallow a bolus of food then involuntary smooth muscle takes over and waves of contractions in the smooth muscle push the food down the esophagus into the stomach
what four regions make up stomach anatomy
fundus
cardia
body
pylorus
this is the domed top part of the stomach that sits to the left of the cardia
fundus
this is the 1st part that the food passes into through the lower esophageal sphincter
cardia
this is the main region of the stomach
body
this is where the stomach starts to narrow out and moves into the intestine
pylorus
what are the three structures that make up the stomach
pyloric sphincter
rugae
3 layers of muscle
this structure of the stomach controls the passage of food from the pylorus into the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
these are folds in the stomach that allow the stomach to expand
rugae
these are the part of the stomach used for contractions to mix food with enzymes and other digestive juices
3 layers of muscle
what are the three functions of the stomach
storing and regulating food release into the small intestine
liquifying of food
initial chemical digestion of proteins
what is the name of the liquified food made in the stomach
chyme
what helps to liquify the food and breakdown proteins
gastric juices and muscle contractions
what does gastric juice contains that breaks down proteins
hydrochloric acid HCI and pepsin
what enzyme only works at low ph levels that exist in the stomach
pepsin
what are the 2 functions of the pancreas
regulate blood glucose levels
secrete pancreatic juice
how does the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels
through the secretion of insulin and glucagon
what is pancreatic juice made up of
bicarbonate an important buffer that helps regulate ph and other enzymes that continue to break down sugars and begin the digestion of fats
the anatomy of the pancreas is made up of what three parts
pancreatic duct
acini cells
Islets of Langerhans
these are the exocrine cells from the pancreas
Acini cells
these are the endocrine cells from the pancreas that make insulin and glucagon
Islets of Langerhans
this is the very large organ that helps in digestion
liver
what are the three main functions of the liver and what does it send to the gallbladder for storage
produces bile
regulates glucose levels
processes drugs and hormones
bile goes to the gallbladder for storage
the gallbladder stores bile that it then secretes into the _______ via the _____ _____ ____
secreted into the duodenum
through the common bile duct
the pigmentation found in the gallbladder comes from what
bilirubin
what is the function of the bile that the gallbladder secretes into the duodenum via the common bile duct
to emulsify fats
these are crystals made from cholesterol that bile contains which may block the bile duct and often require surgical removal
gallstones
what are the two functions of the small intestine
most of the chemical digestion in the GI tract is done here
absorption of nutrients and water
what are the three divisions of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
both the pancreas and gallbladder empty juices into this part of the small intestine
duodenum
this is the middle section of the small intestine
jejunum
this is the last part of the small intestine which empties into the colon
ileum
where does the majority of chemical digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine
jejunum and ileum
this part of the small intestines anatomy increases absorption and is spiraled to allow mixing to take place
circular folds
these are found within the circular folds and are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface
villi
these cover the villi and further increase the absorptive surface of the small intestines
microvilli
embedded in each villus are what
lymph and blood vessels
what is the name of the lymph vessel that’s job is to absorb lipids
lacteal
the small intestines digestion is mechanical via what
segmentation (mixing)
segmentation is mixing of contents with enzymes not _____ ______ forward like ________
it does not propel food forward like peristalsis does
this is the chemical digestion in the small intestine
enzymes break down any large molecules into their smallest component so that they can be absorbed
what bodily function problem can occur in the small intestines
lactose intolerance
the small intestine absorbs what three things
monosaccharides
amino acids
lipids
monosaccharides enter intestinal cells via ______ _____ or _______ _____ then use ________ _____ to enter capillaries
monosaccharides enter intestinal cells via active transport or facilitated diffusion and use facilitated diffusion to enter capillaries
amino acids enter intestinal cells via _____ _______ then use _____ to enter capillaries
amino acids enter intestinal cells via active transport then use diffusion to enter capillaries
where do amino acids and monosaccharides go before they enter into general circulation
they go to the liver first then into general circulation
lipids enter the intestinal cells via ______ and are packaged into _______ AND then enter the lymph via the _________ located in the villus
lipids enter via diffusion
get packaged into chylomicrons
enter the lymph via the lacteal in the villus
this is the pouch located below the junction of the small and large intestine that makes up the first part of the large intestine
cecum
this is the slender little pouch off of the cecum
appendix
the appendix has no digestive function but it does contain ____ _____ that controls _______ entering the large intestine
contains lymphatic tissue
controls bacteria
this is caused by a blockage normally from a piece of food in the cecum, that causes bacteria that normally appears in the appendix to multiply and cause infection
appendicitis
what are the symptoms of appendicitis
at first mild pain near belly button that moves towards the lower right abdomen, fever, nausea and vomiting
if appendicitis is left untreated what can happen
it may rupture and lead to sepsis from the leakage of intestinal contents into the abdomen, the only treatment is surgical removal of appendix
this organ absorbs 90% of remaining water
colon or large intestine
what are the five sections that make up the colon or large intestine
cecum ascending transverse descending sigmoid
this is the temporary storage site of feces as food moves through it accumulates and sensory receptors sense fullness
rectum
this is the smooth muscle that involuntarily relaxes once the rectum becomes full of feces and is responsible for the urge to defecate
internal anal sphincter
this is the skeletal muscle that you voluntary release when you defecate
external anal sphincter
the fecal matter passes through this external opening when you defecate
anus
the series of events that trigger defecation are known as what
defecation reflex
what are the series of steps that make up the defecation reflex
movement of feces into the rectum activates stretch receptors which trigger the defecation reflex, the internal anal sphincter relaxes automatically once the rectum is full causing the urge to defecate and then you voluntarily release the external anal sphincter when you actually defecate
what are the three overlapping phases of digestion
cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase
this phase takes place when you smell, see or think of food which stimulates salivation and secretion of gastric juices it is known as the brain phase
cephalic phase
this takes place when secretions increase and movement of the stomach is increased to promote entry of chyme into the small intestines
gastric phase
this takes place when events slow down the exit of chyme from the stomach and promote continued digestion
intestinal phase
An individual with a “beer belly” likely has large fat deposits in the greater omentum
true or false.
true
The small intestinal enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of milk sugar into a glucose and galactose is called sucrase. maltase. amylase. lactase. ribonuclease.
lactase
The circular folds, villi, and microvilli of the small intestine all function to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.
true or false
true
The inner lining of the GI tract is a mucous membrane.
true or false
true
All of the following are regions of the stomach EXCEPT the cardia. duodenum. fundus. body. pylorus
duodenum.
The appendix is attached to the cecum. ileum. ascending colon. descending colon. rectum.
cecum
The exocrine portion of the pancreas
consists of acini.
secretes several different enzymes to digest nutrient molecules in food.
secretes bicarbonate that helps neutralize gastric acid in the chyme.
connects to the GI tract by the pancreatic duct.
does all of these things.
does all of these things
Chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting into food are called incisors cuspids premolars molars
incisors
The layer of the GI tract wall containing a large number of blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules is called the mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa
submucosa
The first portion of the large intestine is called the ascending colon. cecum. transverse colon. rectum. sigmoid colon.
cecum
The gallbladder produces bile and secretes the bile into the duodenum via the common bile duct.
true or false
false it does not produce the liver does it stores and secretes
The absorption of fructose across the microvillar surface of intestinal epithelial cells, marked B in the figure, occurs by (sugars)
facilitated diffusion
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are considered to be part of the pharynx?
a c and e
Chyme is released from the stomach into the duodenum. esophagus. jejunum. ileum. cecum.
duodenum
Which of the following digestion products are absorbed into the lacteals found within the villi? monosaccharides amino acids tripeptides nucleic acids chylomicrons
chylomicrons
