chapter 21 Flashcards
the urinary system is composed of 6 things 2 paired structures and 2 single structures what are they
2 kidneys
2 ureters
urethra
bladder
this structure of the urinary system produces urine, conserves water, regulates PH, stimulates production of red blood cells, and transforms vitamin d into its active form
kidneys
this structure of the urinary system transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureters
this structure of the urinary system stores urine
urinary bladder
this structure of the urinary system transports urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body.
urethra
what are the two function of the urinary system
excretion of wastes
regulation of blood Ph volume and pressure
regulation of hormones
what are the hormones that the urinary system makes and secreted that are used for regulation of blood ph volume and pressure
calcitriol
Erythropoietin
what types of wastes do the kidneys excrete
metabolic nitrogenous wastes
these structures of the urinary system are located lateral or next to the vertebral column behind the peritoneum
kidneys
the indentation found on the medial aspect of the kidney, where blood vessels, nerves and the ureters enter and leave is called what
hilum
what are the three regions of the internal kidney
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
this is the outer layer of the internal anatomy
renal cortex
this is the middle layer of the internal anatomy
renal medulla
this is the innermost layer of the internal anatomy that collects urine before passing it into the bladder
renal pelvis
what are the three structures of the internal anatomy of the kidneys
renal pyramids
renal columns
calyces
these are the cone shaped structured found in the medulla
renal pyramids
these are the cortex between the renal pyramids
renal columns
these are the cup like structures that catch and then drain urine toward the renal pelvis and ureters
calyces
these are the main blood supply going into the kidneys that receive 20-25% of cardiac output and gradually go to smaller and smaller arteries
Renal arteries
the renal arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries that eventually reach what?
nephron circulation
what are the four structures of nephron circulation?
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
these are the first structure that renal arteries feed into
afferent arteriole
the afferent arteriole feed into these structures where actual filtration takes place
glomerulus
what is the name of the structure that exits the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
one exited the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole what does it enter
peritubular capillaries
blood drains out of the kidneys via what and where does it eventually drain into
drains out of the kidneys via the renal vein and eventually drains into the inferior vena cava
what is the name of the functional unit of the kidney that forms and filters the urine
nephron
the renal corpuscle a structure of the kidneys is composed of what two structures
the glomerulus and
the glomerular or Bowman’s capsule
this filters the blood
glomerulus
this surrounds the glomerulus
Glomerular or Bowman’s capsule
after urine passes through the renal cortexes two structures what does it pass through next
proximal convoluted tubules
after the proximal convoluted tubules the urine goes through this structure which has both an ascending and descending part
Loop of Henle (nephron loop)
once the urine goes through the Loop of Henle then where does it pass through
distal convoluted tubule
from the distal convoluted tubule where does the urine end up
in the collecting duct
name the 7 structures the urine passes through that make up the nephron
renal corpuscle (composed of next two) glomerulus glomerulus capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
what are the nephron tubes always in close proximity to
blood supply
what are the three function of the nephron
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
secretion
this function of the nephron filters small substances from the blood like water glucose and ions - this filtration is completely random and removes lots of stuff we might need
glomerular filtration
this function of the nephron returns some of the small materials that were filtered out that we need like glucose and water
tubular reabsorption
this function of the nephron is the pumping of those larger substances that the body wants to get rid of but are too big to be initially filtered like drugs and wastes
secretion
the amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys per minute when you take blood and filter it across is called what
glomerular filtration rate
it is important to maintain a constant GFR, why?
too high or too low causes problems in the absorption process
substances are unable to be reabsorbed if the GFR is too ______?
too high unable to reabsorb substances
most substances get reabsorbed, and wastes are not removed if the GFR is too ______?
too low
what is the GFR used for?
to test kidney function
low numbers are a sign of kidney disease or can also mean a blockage like kidney stones
what are the five structures of urine formation?
renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
this structure of urine formation is where blood enters the glomerulus and is filtered into the bowman’s cup
renal corpuscle
this structure of urine formation is where reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids takes place
proximal convoluted tubule
this structure of urine formation helps to concentrate the urine and where the main secretion of nitrogenous wastes takes place
Loop of Henle
this structure of urine formation is where movement of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions happen to help maintain blood ph
distal convoluted tubule
this structure of urine formation drains into the renal pelvis, many nephrons are associated with one of these and it contains receptors for ADH which causes the body to absorb more water out of the urine
collecting duct
what are the three hormones that regulate the nephron
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
antidiuretic hormone
this hormone regulates the nephron by causing reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium, and indirectly causes reabsorption of water because water follows sodium
aldosterone
this hormone causes the excretion of sodium and water, and lowers blood pressure; it is made by the atria and works opposite of ADH
atrial natriuretic peptide
this hormone causes reabsorption of water from the collecting duct
ADH Antidiuretic hormone
which two hormones increase blood pressure
ADH and Aldosterone
which hormone decreases blood pressure
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
these are compounds that slow the reabsorption of water, inhibit the reabsorption of sodium or decrease ADH secretion and are used as medications for individuals with high blood pressure because less water volume in blood lowers blood pressure
diuretics
this is the term for the analysis of the volume, chemical, physical, and microscopic properties of urine
urinalysis
how many liters of urine is normal production per day
1 to 2 liters per day
what is the normal color of urine and what can make it vary
yellow is normal but the color can vary with concentration or diet
besides color what is another thing to look for in the color of the urine
transparency it should not be cloudy
what is the smell that urine normally gas and what is it from
ammonia-like smell from urea
what is a normal PH for urine and what can make it different
usually ph is around 6 but diet can change this
this is the term for the measurement of urine concentration and normal is between 1.001 and 1.035
specific gravity
a test for specific gravity compares the heaviness of your urine to what?
water
what are the five different types of abnormal urine findings?
glucosuria hematuria pyuria ketonuria albuminuria
this abnormal urine finding means that there is glucose in the urine
glucosuria
what is glucosuria, or glucose in the urine a sign of
diabetes mellitus
this abnormal urine finding means that there are red blood cells in the urine
hematuria
hematuria, or red blood cells ins the urine is a sign of what
inflammation from kidney stones or kidney disease
this abnormal urine finding means that there are white blood cells in the urine
pyuria
what is pyuria, or white blood cells in the urine a sign of
infection
this abnormal urine finding means that there are ketone bodies present in the urine
ketonuria
what is ketonuria, or the presences of ketone bodies a sign of
diabetes mellitus or starvation
this abnormal urine finding means that there is an excess of albumin (the main protein in blood) in the urine
albuminuria
what is albuminuria a sign of
high blood pressure, kidney disease or trauma to the kidneys
these being present in the urine is a sign of a urinary tract infection, the most common being E. Coli
microbes
these are hardened clumps of material found in the renal tubules
casts
when do you usually find casts
found in people with albuminuria or concentrated urine (dehydration)
these are insoluble crystal salts found in the kidneys
calculi aka kidney stones
these are formed by crystals of salts in the urine caused by low water intake or increased calcium ingestion
kidney stones
what are the common symptoms of kidney stones
severe pain, low urine output, blood in urine
what is the normal treatments for kidney stones
let it pass naturally
medications to relax the ureters
shock wave lithotripsy
surgical removal
these are tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
ureters
this stores urine until it can be excreted and is lined with transitional epithelium
urinary bladder
these are found in the urinary bladder and help with expansion
rugae
this is the name of the smooth involuntary muscle that is used to push urine out of the body
Detrusor muscle
this structure transports urine from the bladder out of the body - there are two of them
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
this is the smooth muscle that involuntarily releases when the bladder is full
internal urethral sphincter
this is the voluntary skeletal muscle that you release when you urinate
external urethral sphincter
how do urethras’ differ in men and women
men - longer and shared with the reproductive system
women - shorter and separate from the reproductive system
these infections are caused by bacteria entering the urethra, usually E Coli as they are found in the colon and can come into contact with the urethra easily; women are affected by this more than men due to their shorter urethras and it being closer to the anus
urinary tract infections
what are the normal symptoms of a urinary tract infection
painful and frequent urination,
blood in the urine
fever may also be present
this is the term for the bladder becoming full and emptying and involves both voluntary and involuntary actions
micturition
what are the four steps of micturition
1 - when bladder is full, stretch receptors in the bladder send impulses to the spinal cord
2 - impulses from the spinal cord tell the detrusor muscle of the bladder to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax
3 - impulses travel to the brain and initiate the desire to urinate
4 - voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter causes urine to travel down the urethra and out of the body
this happens in children due to neurons to the external urethral sphincter not being fully developed
urinary incontinence
what are the two causes of urinary incontinence experienced normally in adults
stress incontinence most common in middle aged adults
incontinence due to weakness in deep pelvic floor muscles
what types of actions can cause leakage from the urinary bladder with urinary incontinence
sneezing, laughing, coughing, strain
The terminal portion of the urinary system consists of a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body called the uvula. external urethral orifice. ureter. urethra. collecting duct.
urethra.
Most glucose molecules that enter the filtrate are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. distal convoluted tubule. ascending limb of the nephron loop. descending limb of the nephron loop. collecting duct.
proximal convoluted tubule.
The renal corpuscle filters components of blood plasma into the glomerular capsule.
true or false
true
Tubular secretion involves the movement of solutes from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries.
true or false
false Incorrect Word: from/into (switch these two words to make statement correct)
The renal pyramids are located in the renal cortex. renal medulla. urinary bladder. renal pelvis. renal papilla.
renal medulla.
Match the pathway for urine drainage to the correctly labeled structures.
diagram of kidney - path of urine is on the right hand side starting at the top with the collecting duct then minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter ends at urinary bladder
The functions of the kidneys include regulation of blood volume. control of blood pressure. secretion of erythropoietin. regulation of blood pH. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The first step in urine formation is tubular secretion. secretion of ADH. tubular reabsorption. urinary excretion. glomerular filtration.
glomerular filtration.
Females are more susceptible to UTIs than males because they have a weaker immune system. more nephrons. shorter ureters. a shorter urethra. a weaker internal urethral sphincter.
a shorter urethra.
The functional units of the kidneys are called \_\_\_\_\_. glomeruli calyces nephrons corpuscules tubules.
nephrons
All of the following are components of the urinary system EXCEPT the urethra. ureter. urinary bladder. prostate gland. kidneys.
prostate gland.
The route of blood flow through the kidneys is as follows: renal artery - several smaller arteries - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - several veins - renal vein.
true or false
true
The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute is called the renal filtration rate.
true or false
false it Is the glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following hormones increase reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts by stimulating insertion of water channels into the membranes of tubule cells? renin ADH aldosterone insulin ANP
ADH
Diagram of kidney structures on the left hand slide starting at top with a-f
a - nephron b- renal cortex c - renal medullar d - renal column e - renal pyramid f - renal papillae
