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chapter 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

the urinary system is composed of 6 things 2 paired structures and 2 single structures what are they

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
urethra
bladder

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2
Q

this structure of the urinary system produces urine, conserves water, regulates PH, stimulates production of red blood cells, and transforms vitamin d into its active form

A

kidneys

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3
Q

this structure of the urinary system transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureters

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4
Q

this structure of the urinary system stores urine

A

urinary bladder

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5
Q

this structure of the urinary system transports urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body.

A

urethra

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6
Q

what are the two function of the urinary system

A

excretion of wastes
regulation of blood Ph volume and pressure
regulation of hormones

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7
Q

what are the hormones that the urinary system makes and secreted that are used for regulation of blood ph volume and pressure

A

calcitriol

Erythropoietin

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8
Q

what types of wastes do the kidneys excrete

A

metabolic nitrogenous wastes

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9
Q

these structures of the urinary system are located lateral or next to the vertebral column behind the peritoneum

A

kidneys

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10
Q

the indentation found on the medial aspect of the kidney, where blood vessels, nerves and the ureters enter and leave is called what

A

hilum

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11
Q

what are the three regions of the internal kidney

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

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12
Q

this is the outer layer of the internal anatomy

A

renal cortex

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13
Q

this is the middle layer of the internal anatomy

A

renal medulla

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14
Q

this is the innermost layer of the internal anatomy that collects urine before passing it into the bladder

A

renal pelvis

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15
Q

what are the three structures of the internal anatomy of the kidneys

A

renal pyramids
renal columns
calyces

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16
Q

these are the cone shaped structured found in the medulla

A

renal pyramids

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17
Q

these are the cortex between the renal pyramids

A

renal columns

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18
Q

these are the cup like structures that catch and then drain urine toward the renal pelvis and ureters

A

calyces

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19
Q

these are the main blood supply going into the kidneys that receive 20-25% of cardiac output and gradually go to smaller and smaller arteries

A

Renal arteries

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20
Q

the renal arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries that eventually reach what?

A

nephron circulation

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21
Q

what are the four structures of nephron circulation?

A

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries

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22
Q

these are the first structure that renal arteries feed into

A

afferent arteriole

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23
Q

the afferent arteriole feed into these structures where actual filtration takes place

A

glomerulus

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24
Q

what is the name of the structure that exits the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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25
Q

one exited the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole what does it enter

A

peritubular capillaries

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26
Q

blood drains out of the kidneys via what and where does it eventually drain into

A

drains out of the kidneys via the renal vein and eventually drains into the inferior vena cava

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27
Q

what is the name of the functional unit of the kidney that forms and filters the urine

A

nephron

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28
Q

the renal corpuscle a structure of the kidneys is composed of what two structures

A

the glomerulus and

the glomerular or Bowman’s capsule

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29
Q

this filters the blood

A

glomerulus

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30
Q

this surrounds the glomerulus

A

Glomerular or Bowman’s capsule

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31
Q

after urine passes through the renal cortexes two structures what does it pass through next

A

proximal convoluted tubules

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32
Q

after the proximal convoluted tubules the urine goes through this structure which has both an ascending and descending part

A

Loop of Henle (nephron loop)

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33
Q

once the urine goes through the Loop of Henle then where does it pass through

A

distal convoluted tubule

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34
Q

from the distal convoluted tubule where does the urine end up

A

in the collecting duct

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35
Q

name the 7 structures the urine passes through that make up the nephron

A 
renal corpuscle (composed of next two)
glomerulus
glomerulus capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
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36
Q

what are the nephron tubes always in close proximity to

A

blood supply

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37
Q

what are the three function of the nephron

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
secretion

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38
Q

this function of the nephron filters small substances from the blood like water glucose and ions - this filtration is completely random and removes lots of stuff we might need

A

glomerular filtration

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39
Q

this function of the nephron returns some of the small materials that were filtered out that we need like glucose and water

A

tubular reabsorption

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40
Q

this function of the nephron is the pumping of those larger substances that the body wants to get rid of but are too big to be initially filtered like drugs and wastes

A

secretion

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41
Q

the amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys per minute when you take blood and filter it across is called what

A

glomerular filtration rate

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42
Q

it is important to maintain a constant GFR, why?

A

too high or too low causes problems in the absorption process

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43
Q

substances are unable to be reabsorbed if the GFR is too ______?

A

too high unable to reabsorb substances

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44
Q

most substances get reabsorbed, and wastes are not removed if the GFR is too ______?

A

too low

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45
Q

what is the GFR used for?

A

to test kidney function

low numbers are a sign of kidney disease or can also mean a blockage like kidney stones

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46
Q

what are the five structures of urine formation?

A 
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
47
Q

this structure of urine formation is where blood enters the glomerulus and is filtered into the bowman’s cup

A

renal corpuscle

48
Q

this structure of urine formation is where reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids takes place

A

proximal convoluted tubule

49
Q

this structure of urine formation helps to concentrate the urine and where the main secretion of nitrogenous wastes takes place

A

Loop of Henle

50
Q

this structure of urine formation is where movement of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions happen to help maintain blood ph

A

distal convoluted tubule

51
Q

this structure of urine formation drains into the renal pelvis, many nephrons are associated with one of these and it contains receptors for ADH which causes the body to absorb more water out of the urine

A

collecting duct

52
Q

what are the three hormones that regulate the nephron

A

aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
antidiuretic hormone

53
Q

this hormone regulates the nephron by causing reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium, and indirectly causes reabsorption of water because water follows sodium

A

aldosterone

54
Q

this hormone causes the excretion of sodium and water, and lowers blood pressure; it is made by the atria and works opposite of ADH

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

55
Q

this hormone causes reabsorption of water from the collecting duct

A

ADH Antidiuretic hormone

56
Q

which two hormones increase blood pressure

A

ADH and Aldosterone

57
Q

which hormone decreases blood pressure

A

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

58
Q

these are compounds that slow the reabsorption of water, inhibit the reabsorption of sodium or decrease ADH secretion and are used as medications for individuals with high blood pressure because less water volume in blood lowers blood pressure

A

diuretics

59
Q

this is the term for the analysis of the volume, chemical, physical, and microscopic properties of urine

A

urinalysis

60
Q

how many liters of urine is normal production per day

A

1 to 2 liters per day

61
Q

what is the normal color of urine and what can make it vary

A

yellow is normal but the color can vary with concentration or diet

62
Q

besides color what is another thing to look for in the color of the urine

A

transparency it should not be cloudy

63
Q

what is the smell that urine normally gas and what is it from

A

ammonia-like smell from urea

64
Q

what is a normal PH for urine and what can make it different

A

usually ph is around 6 but diet can change this

65
Q

this is the term for the measurement of urine concentration and normal is between 1.001 and 1.035

A

specific gravity

66
Q

a test for specific gravity compares the heaviness of your urine to what?

A

water

67
Q

what are the five different types of abnormal urine findings?

A 
glucosuria
hematuria
pyuria
ketonuria
albuminuria
68
Q

this abnormal urine finding means that there is glucose in the urine

A

glucosuria

69
Q

what is glucosuria, or glucose in the urine a sign of

A

diabetes mellitus

70
Q

this abnormal urine finding means that there are red blood cells in the urine

A

hematuria

71
Q

hematuria, or red blood cells ins the urine is a sign of what

A

inflammation from kidney stones or kidney disease

72
Q

this abnormal urine finding means that there are white blood cells in the urine

A

pyuria

73
Q

what is pyuria, or white blood cells in the urine a sign of

A

infection

74
Q

this abnormal urine finding means that there are ketone bodies present in the urine

A

ketonuria

75
Q

what is ketonuria, or the presences of ketone bodies a sign of

A

diabetes mellitus or starvation

76
Q

this abnormal urine finding means that there is an excess of albumin (the main protein in blood) in the urine

A

albuminuria

77
Q

what is albuminuria a sign of

A

high blood pressure, kidney disease or trauma to the kidneys

78
Q

these being present in the urine is a sign of a urinary tract infection, the most common being E. Coli

A

microbes

79
Q

these are hardened clumps of material found in the renal tubules

A

casts

80
Q

when do you usually find casts

A

found in people with albuminuria or concentrated urine (dehydration)

81
Q

these are insoluble crystal salts found in the kidneys

A

calculi aka kidney stones

82
Q

these are formed by crystals of salts in the urine caused by low water intake or increased calcium ingestion

A

kidney stones

83
Q

what are the common symptoms of kidney stones

A

severe pain, low urine output, blood in urine

84
Q

what is the normal treatments for kidney stones

A

let it pass naturally
medications to relax the ureters
shock wave lithotripsy
surgical removal

85
Q

these are tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

86
Q

this stores urine until it can be excreted and is lined with transitional epithelium

A

urinary bladder

87
Q

these are found in the urinary bladder and help with expansion

A

rugae

88
Q

this is the name of the smooth involuntary muscle that is used to push urine out of the body

A

Detrusor muscle

89
Q

this structure transports urine from the bladder out of the body - there are two of them

A

internal urethral sphincter

external urethral sphincter

90
Q

this is the smooth muscle that involuntarily releases when the bladder is full

A

internal urethral sphincter

91
Q

this is the voluntary skeletal muscle that you release when you urinate

A

external urethral sphincter

92
Q

how do urethras’ differ in men and women

A

men - longer and shared with the reproductive system

women - shorter and separate from the reproductive system

93
Q

these infections are caused by bacteria entering the urethra, usually E Coli as they are found in the colon and can come into contact with the urethra easily; women are affected by this more than men due to their shorter urethras and it being closer to the anus

A

urinary tract infections

94
Q

what are the normal symptoms of a urinary tract infection

A

painful and frequent urination,
blood in the urine
fever may also be present

95
Q

this is the term for the bladder becoming full and emptying and involves both voluntary and involuntary actions

A

micturition

96
Q

what are the four steps of micturition

A

1 - when bladder is full, stretch receptors in the bladder send impulses to the spinal cord
2 - impulses from the spinal cord tell the detrusor muscle of the bladder to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax
3 - impulses travel to the brain and initiate the desire to urinate
4 - voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter causes urine to travel down the urethra and out of the body

97
Q

this happens in children due to neurons to the external urethral sphincter not being fully developed

A

urinary incontinence

98
Q

what are the two causes of urinary incontinence experienced normally in adults

A

stress incontinence most common in middle aged adults

incontinence due to weakness in deep pelvic floor muscles

99
Q

what types of actions can cause leakage from the urinary bladder with urinary incontinence

A

sneezing, laughing, coughing, strain

100
Q 
The terminal portion of the urinary system consists of a small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body called the
  uvula. 
  external urethral orifice. 
  ureter. 
  urethra. 
  collecting duct.
A

urethra.

101
Q 
Most glucose molecules that enter the filtrate are reabsorbed in the
  proximal convoluted tubule. 
  distal convoluted tubule. 
  ascending limb of the nephron loop. 
  descending limb of the nephron loop. 
  collecting duct.
A

proximal convoluted tubule.

102
Q

The renal corpuscle filters components of blood plasma into the glomerular capsule.
true or false

A

true

103
Q

Tubular secretion involves the movement of solutes from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries.
true or false

A

false Incorrect Word: from/into (switch these two words to make statement correct)

104
Q 
The renal pyramids are located in the
  renal cortex. 
  renal medulla. 
  urinary bladder. 
  renal pelvis. 
  renal papilla.
A

renal medulla.

105
Q

Match the pathway for urine drainage to the correctly labeled structures.

A 
diagram of kidney - path of urine is on the right hand side starting at the top with the collecting duct
then minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
ends at urinary bladder
106
Q 
The functions of the kidneys include
  regulation of blood volume. 
  control of blood pressure. 
  secretion of erythropoietin. 
  regulation of blood pH. 
  All of the choices are correct.
A

All of the choices are correct.

107
Q 
The first step in urine formation is
  tubular secretion. 
  secretion of ADH. 
  tubular reabsorption. 
  urinary excretion. 
  glomerular filtration.
A

glomerular filtration.

108
Q 
Females are more susceptible to UTIs than males because they have
  a weaker immune system. 
  more nephrons. 
  shorter ureters. 
  a shorter urethra. 
  a weaker internal urethral sphincter.
A

a shorter urethra.

109
Q 
The functional units of the kidneys are called \_\_\_\_\_.
  glomeruli 
  calyces 
  nephrons 
  corpuscules 
  tubules.
A

nephrons

110
Q 
All of the following are components of the urinary system EXCEPT the
  urethra. 
  ureter. 
  urinary bladder. 
  prostate gland. 
  kidneys.
A

prostate gland.

111
Q

The route of blood flow through the kidneys is as follows: renal artery - several smaller arteries - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - several veins - renal vein.
true or false

A

true

112
Q

The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute is called the renal filtration rate.
true or false

A

false it Is the glomerular filtration rate

113
Q 
Which of the following hormones increase reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts by stimulating insertion of water channels into the membranes of tubule cells?
  renin 
  ADH 
  aldosterone 
  insulin 
  ANP
A

ADH

114
Q

Diagram of kidney structures on the left hand slide starting at top with a-f

A 
a - nephron
b- renal cortex
c - renal medullar
d - renal column
e - renal pyramid
f - renal papillae

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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