chapter 14 Flashcards
what are the three function of blood
transportation
protection
regulation
this function of blood is responsible for moving nutrients, wastes, and carbon dioxide through the body.
transportation
this function of blood is responsible for clotting that prevents blood loss and white blood cells that prevent infection
protection
this function of blood is responsible for maintaining homeostasis through body temperature and ph levels
regulation
what are the two components of blood
plasma
formed elements
this is the lightest component, straw colored liquid portion of the blood that makes up 55%.
plasma
what is plasma made up of
water
nutrients
gases
proteins
what does plasma help with
transportation
protection
clotting
what are the three formed elements
platelets
white blood cells WBC’s
red blood cells RBC’s
what percentage of formed elements do red blood cells make up
45%
this is a medium for transporting materials in the blood
plasma
cell fragments that are essential to blood clotting
platelets
these cells defend the body against disease
white blood cells
these cells transport oxygen
red blood cells
what is the term given for the formation of blood
hematopoiesis
where does hematopoiesis occur
in the red marrow of bones
these have the capacity to develop into many different blood cells
pluripotent stem cells
what is another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
why do red blood cells or erythrocytes have no nucleus
we don’t want to take up any room in the cell besides our oxygen carrying protein
what are red blood cells packed full of that give it the red color, and is the molecule that carries oxygen through your blood
hemoglobin
what is the shape of a red blood cell/erythrocytes
biconcave - round with indentations on either side - their shape increases the surface area so that helps to get oxygen in and out of the cell quickly
what is the molecule in red blood cells that binds to oxygen
hemoglobin
what is the major component in hemoglobin
contains 4 iron elements bound together in heme groups
where are RBC’s created
red bone marrow
the term given for the formation of red blood cells
erythropoiesis a specific form of hematopoiesis for red blood cells
how long do RBC’s live
120 days
what happens to RBC’s after they die
they are removed from circulation by the liver and spleen
what is the mechanism for removing RBC’s
macrophages destroy them and release hemoglobin, which is either recycled or excreted in the urine or feces
what is the name of the hormone that stimulates RBC production
erythropoietin EPO
where is EPO secreted from
the kidneys secrete EPO when there is low oxygen delivery to the tissues
what does the EPO stimulate
EPO stimulates the bone marrow to make more RBC’s
what happens to the RBC’s made by the bone marrow
they enter the blood stream
name the three steps in the process of RBC production
1 - EPO is secreted by the kidneys when there is low oxygen delivery to the tissues
2-The EPO in turn stimulates the bone marrow to make more RBC’s
3-The blood cells enter the blood stream
what is the result of RBC production process
more RBC’s means more oxygen that can be delivered to the tissues
what is another name for white blood cells
leukocytes
what percentage of blood cells do WBC’s or Leukocytes make up
less than 1%
when do numbers of WBC’s/Leukocytes increase
during an infection
WBC counts are used as an index of infection
Leukocytes or WBC have a ________
nucleus
what is the job of WBC/or Leukocytes
to destroy disease-causing agents
what mechanism do Leukocytes use to destroy disease causing agents
phagocytosis
the process through which cells engulf virus, parasites etc and destroy it
phagocytosis
how many different kind of WBC’s or Leukocytes are there
5
which WBC’s are the most abundant WBC and are the first on the scene of an infection
neutrophils
describe the job and nucleus of a neutrophil
neutrophils consume bacteria and destroy it they have a multi lobed nucleus
how long do neutrophils live
anywhere from a few hour to 3 days
these white blood cells attack parasitic worms
eosinophils
a high eosinophil count is seen with what type of infection
parasitic infection
what type of nucleus do eosinophils have
bilobed nucleus usually two pieces and they stain bright pink
these are the least abundant WBC’s
basophils
what do basophils release
histamine
what does the histamine that basophils release do
brings more WBC’s to the area
increase blood flow
part of the inflammatory response
what do basophils play an important role in
allergic reactions
what does the nucleus of a basophil look like
big purple dots like a ball of yarn
these white blood cells are called _______ in blood but when they exit the blood and enter the tissue they morph into ________
monocytes in the blood morph into macrophages in the tissue
what is the job of macrophages
consume bacteria and dead cells
how big are monocytes and how long do they last
they are the largest wbc’s and they last for several months
these white blood cells attack damaged/diseased cells and pathogens
lymphocytes
how do lymphocytes attack damages or diseased cells
they create antibodies
what are the antibodies that lymphocytes create and what do they do
they are proteins that find and attach to antigens -foreign proteins - and mark them for destruction by other WBC’s
how long do lymphocytes live
last for many years
list the number of WBC’s found in the blood from most to least - remember - never let monkeys eat bananas
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
this type of white blood cell count is used to determine the percentage of each WBC in a person’s blood
differential white blood cell count
any significant deviation in the differential WBC count can mean what
it can be indicative of a particular disease state
an increased neutrophil count can mean what
fighting bacterial infection
an increased eosinophil count can mean what
parasitic infection
an increased basophil count can mean what
inflammation or allergy
these are not true cells but fragments of a larger cell
platelets
what important role do platelets provide
important in blood clotting
how long do platelets live
very short lived about a week
what are the three mechanisms involved in hemostasis
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting
this mechanism of hemostasis is the squeezing of the vessels decreasing the amount of blood that can get through
vascular spasm
this mechanism of hemostasis is the sticking together of platelets and release of a chemical that attracts more platelets
platelet plus formation
this mechanism of hemostasis involves several steps that lead to the formation of _________
blood clotting
formation of fibrin
what does the fibrin created during blood clotting do
creates a web that traps RBC’s and forms the clot
blood groups and blood types are based on what
the antigens and antibodies you produce
these are proteins found on the surface of the RBC that are determined genetically from your parents
antigens
these are found in the blood plasma
antibodies
what are the different ABO blood groups
A, B, O, AB
this is the name given to the clumping of blood that happens when an antibody meets its antigen
agglutination
if you have blood type A what antigens and antibodies do you possess
A ANTIGENS
B ANTIBODIES
IF YOU HAVE TYPE A BLOOD WHAT BLOOD CAN YOU DONATE TO?
ANY BLOOD TYPE WHO DOESN’T POSSESS THE A ANTIBODY SO A AND AB
IF YOU HAVE TYPE A BLOOD WHO CAN YOU RECEIVE BLOOD FROM?
ANY BLOOD TYPE THAT DOES NOT HAVE THE B ANTIGEN SO A OR O
IF YOU HAVE TYPE B BLOOD WHAT ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES DO YOU POSSESS
B ANTIGENS
A ANTIBODIES
IF YOU HAVE TYPE B BLOOD WHAT BLOOD CAN YOU DONATE TO
ANY BLOOD TYPE WHO DOESN’T POSSESS B ANTIBODY B OR AB
IF YOU HAVE TYPE B BLOOD WHAT BLOOD CAN YOU RECEIVE
ANY BLOOD TYPE THAT DOESN’T POSSESS THE A ANTIGEN SO B OR O
IF YOU HAVE TYPE AB BLOOD WHAT ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES DO YOU HAVE
A AND B ANTIGENS
NO ANTIBODIES
IF YOU HAVE TYPE AB BLOOD WHO CAN YOU DONATE TO
ONLY AB
IF YOU HAVE TYPE AB BLOOD WHO CAN YOU RECEIVE BLOOD FROM
ANY OTHER BLOOD TYPE BECAUSE TYPE AB HAS NO ANTIBODIES SO THEY WON’T REACT TO ANYTHING SO ALL BLOOD TYPES
IF YOU HAVE TYPE O BLOOD WHAT ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES DO YOU HAVE
NO ANTIGENS
A AND B ANTIBODIES
IF YOU HAVE TYPE O BLOOD WHO CAN YOU DONATE TO
ANY OTHER BLOOD TYPE BECAUSE I HAS NO ANTIGENS FOR ANTIBODIES TO REACT WITH SO ALL OTHER BLOOD TYPES
IF YOU HAVE TYPE O BLOOD WHO CAN YOU RECEIVE FROM
ONLY O BECAUSE O POSSESSES ANTIBODIES A AND B
WHICH BLOOD TYPE IS THE UNIVERSAL RECEIVER
AB
WHICH BLOOD TYPE IS THE UNIVERSAL DONOR
O
ANOTHER PROTEIN FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF THE rbc’S DETERMINES WHETHER A PERSON HAS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE BLOOD
RH
IF YOU HAVE THE RH ANTIGEN ON SURFACE OF RBC AND NO RH ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA YOU ARE CONSIDERED WHAT
RH POSITIVE
IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE RH ANTIGEN ON THE SURFACE OF YOUR RBC AND NO RH ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA YOU CAR CONSIDERED WHAT
RH NEGATIVE
IF YOU ARE RH NEGATIVE WHAT WOULD CAUSE YOU TO DEVELOP RH ANTIBODIES
EXPOSURE TO RH PROTEIN THROUGH A BLOOD TRANSFUSION OR CHILDBIRTH
WHAT IS THE TERM GIVEN TO AN INTERACTION BETWEEN AN RH NEGATIVE WOMEN AND A PR POSITIVE BABY
HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE 1ST CHILD DURING PREGNANCY WHEN A WOMAN IS RH NEGATIVE BUT TEH FETUS IS RH POSITIVE
NOTHING HAPPENS DURING THE PREGNANCY BUT AT BIRTH THE MOTHER IS EXPOSED TO SOME OF THE BABYS BLOOD AND THE RH PROTEIN IS SEEN AS FOREIGN TO THE MOTHERS BLOOD SO BETWEEN PREGNANCIES SHE STARTS TO MAKE ANTIBODIES AGAINST RH
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE 2ND CHILD DURING PREGNANCY IF THE MOTHER HAS STARTED TO MAKE RH ANTIBODIES
CAN CAUSE SEVERE PROBLEMS FOR THE BABY BECAUSE THE MOMS RH ANTIBODIES GET INTO THE PLACENTA AND ATTACK THE CHILDS RBC’S WHICH CAN LEAD TO BRAIN DAMAGE, STILL BIRTH OR MISCARRIAGE
WHAT INTERVENTION IS GIVEN IF A MOM IS RH NEGATIVE AND IS CARRYING A RH POSITIVE FETUS
RHOGAM - A DRUG THAT MASKS A BABIES RH ANTIGENS SO THAT DURING CHILDBIRTH THE MOTHER DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE RH ANTIGENS AS FOREIGN AND THEREFORE DOES NOT START MAKING ANTIBODIES
true or false
Lymphocytes are the largest leukocytes.
false monocytes are the largest
The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen is
hemoglobin
Which of the following is not involved in hemostasis? Blood clotting Lymphocyte recruitment Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation
lymphocyte recruitment
The least abundant blood cell is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. basophil neutrophil eosinophil erythrocyte
basophil
The percentage of whole blood occupied by red blood cells is called the platelet count. hematocrit. differential. reticulocyte count.
hematocrit.
true or false
Mature erythrocytes can reproduce once they enter the bloodstream.
false
cannot
Which of the following cells do NOT have a nucleus? neutrophils eosinophils leukocytes erythrocytes
erythrocytes
Blood is considered to be a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix. nervous epithelial connective muscular
connective
The least abundant blood cell is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. basophil neutrophil erythrocyte eosinophil
basophil
Individuals with type A blood have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ antibodies in the plasma. A neither A nor B B both A and B
B
Which of the following blood transfusions would most likely result in severe hemolysis of the donated blood?
type AB blood transfused into a type A recipient
type O blood transfused into a type B recipient
type O blood transfused into a type A recipient
type A blood transfused into a type AB recipient.
type AB blood transfused into a type AB recipient
type AB blood transfused into a type A recipient
Ron has the B antigen and lacks the A antigen. His blood plasma contains antibodies to Rh factor. What blood type does he have? B- A+ AB+ B+ A-
B-
A person with blood type A has A antigens on the red blood cells. A antibodies in the plasma. A and B antibodies in the plasma. B antigens on the red blood cells.
A antigens on the red blood cells.
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are collectively called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ elements of blood. immune liquid formed clotting
formed
true or false
Plasma constitutes about 55% of the blood volume.
true
The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen is melatonin erythropoietin hemoglobin uribilonogen biliverdin
hemoglobin
