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Biology 5 > chapter 17 > Flashcards

chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

this system is comprised of lymph fluid, lymph nodes, lymph nodules, ducts, capillaries

A

lymphatic system

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2
Q

similar to the fluid that bathes your cells it moves around the body in a way similar to the blood in veins

A

lymph

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3
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

1- drains excess fluid from the tissues
2- transports lipids
3- carries out immune responses

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4
Q

protects the throat against bacteria and foreign agents

A

tonsils

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5
Q

returns the lymph from the upper part of the body to the blood

A

right lymphatic duct

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6
Q

site where t lymphocytes mature, enabling them to fight specific disease-causing organisms

A

thymus

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7
Q

returns lymph from most of the body to the blood

A

thoracic duct

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8
Q

site of lymphocyte production removes old red blood cells foreign debris and micro-organisms from the blood

A

spleen

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9
Q

returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood some transport products of fat digestion to the blood

A

lymph vessels

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10
Q

filter lymph before returning it to the blood contains lymphocytes and macrophages that defends against disease-causing organisms

A

lymph nodes

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11
Q

lymphatic capillaries are different from blood capillaries in two ways what are they

A

1- larger, wider and bigger than capillaries

2- more permeable than blood capillaries allows them to absorbs fats and fluid

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12
Q

describe the one way flow of valves

A

one way flow - it draws fluids in and dumps it into the blood veins - it doesn’t allow the fluid to exit back out into the tissue it drew it out of.

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13
Q

describe the flow of fluid through the lymphatic vessels starting with lymphatic capillaries (cvnd)

A

lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymphatic ducts

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14
Q

what are the name of the two lymphatic ducts

A

right lymphatic duct

thoracic duct

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15
Q

this lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the body

A

right lymphatic duct

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16
Q

this lymphatic duct drains lymph from the head, neck, left arm, and everything below the ribs

A

thoracic duct

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17
Q

both lymphatic ducts empty into the same veins first the ________ vein and then the _________ ___ ____.

A

subclavian vein

superior vena cava

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18
Q

when the lymphatic system does not work properly an individual can develop _______; a severe case of ______ is called _______.

A

edema

elephantiasis

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19
Q

how does lymph return to the heart?

A

the same two pumps as the blood
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump

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20
Q

these are where the B cells and T cells develop and mature

A

primary lymphatic organs

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21
Q

which primary lymphatic organ makes B cells

A

red bone marrow

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22
Q

which primary lymphatic organ makes T cells

A

thymus

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23
Q

these are the sites where most immune response occur

A

secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

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24
Q

which secondary lymphatic organs and tissues can you find b cells and t cells in doing their job

A

spleen
lymph nodes
lymphatic nodules

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25
Q

this primary lymphatic organ is located behind the sternum

A

thymus

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26
Q

Immature t cells migrate from _____ to the thymus to mature

A

bone marrow

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27
Q

what percentage of t cells actually become mature in the thymus

A

2% the rest die

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28
Q

where do mature t cells go after they leave the thymus

A

the lymph nodes and spleen

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29
Q

this secondary lymphatic organ is found in the abdominal cavity

A

spleen

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30
Q

the spleen contains two types of lymphatic tissue

A

red pulp

white pulp

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31
Q

this is made up of mostly recycled dead red blood cells and some splenic tissue

A

red pulp

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32
Q

this is made up mostly of lymphocytes and macrophages or white blood cells

A

white pulp

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33
Q

this splenic tissue type removes old red blood cells and is responsible for storage of platelets

A

red pulp

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34
Q

this splenic tissue type carries out immune responses

A

white pulp

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35
Q

this secondary lymphatic organ or tissue is found scattered throughout the body in clusters

A

lymph nodes

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36
Q

what are found within lymph nodes

A

clusters of b cells and t cells

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37
Q

what are the b cells and t cells found in lymph nodes doing

A

functioning as filters

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38
Q

lymph flows into lymph nodes via these vessels, of which there are many

A

afferent lymph vessels

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39
Q

once in the lymph node what happens to foreign substances

A

they are filtered out and destroyed by macrophages and lymphocytes

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40
Q

lymph exits or flows out of the lymph nodes via these vessels of which there are only one or two

A

efferent lymph vessels

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41
Q

lymph flows at what rate and why

A

lymph flows at a slow rate to allow time for filtration

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42
Q

these are masses of lymphatic tissue that are not encapsulated

A

lymphatic nodules

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43
Q

these lymphatic nodules are located in the pharynx and protect the body from inhaled and ingested foreign material

A

tonsils

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44
Q

the lymphatic nodules are actually aggregation of lymphatic follicles in the small intestine

A

Peyer’s patches

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45
Q

what are the two branches of the immune system

A

innate immunity

adaptive immunity

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46
Q

this branch of the immune system you are born with and it offers a non-specific reaction - fighting off any antigen that is considered foreign by the body

A

innate immunity

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47
Q

this branch of the immune system is a reaction to a specific pathogen

A

adaptive immunity

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48
Q

there are five different types of innate immunity what are they (PCDIF)

A 
physical barriers - skin
chemical barriers - saliva, tears, etc
defensive cells and proteins
inflammation
fever
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49
Q

there are two different types of adaptive immunity what are they (AC)

A

antibody-mediated

cell-mediated

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50
Q

what are the two main types of physical barriers that are part of innate immunity

A

skin

mucous membranes

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51
Q

in this physical barrier dead cells flake off taking microbes with them and the live cells have tight connection between cells to help prevent microbes from entering

A

skin

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52
Q

this physical barrier lines the digestive system and respiratory passages and produces a sticky substance that prevents the microbes from entering, also cilia in the respiratory tract helps move the trapped pathogens out of your body

A

mucous membranes

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53
Q

chemical barriers that are part of the innate immunity are found in what body areas

A 
skin
stomach
eyes
urinary tract
vagina
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54
Q

what are the chemical barriers found in skin

A

sweat and oil with antimicrobial properties

acidic secretions-slow bacterial growth

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55
Q

what are the chemical barriers found in the stomach

A

produces hydrochloric acid that kills microbes

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56
Q

what are the chemical barriers found in the eyes

A

lysozyme which is an antibacterial substance found in tears

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57
Q

what are the chemical barriers found in the urinary tract

A

acidic urine kills microbes

58
Q

what are the chemical barriers found in the vagina

A

vagina produces antimicrobial mucous

59
Q

physical barriers
chemical barriers
make up what line of defense

A

1st line of defense

60
Q

what three components make up the 2nd line of defense also part of innate immunity

A

interferon
complement system
cells

61
Q

this is chemicals secreted from a virus infected cell that helps slow the spread of the virus and warn uninfected cells about the virus

A

interferon

62
Q

this is a set of proteins that enhance the bodys other defense mechanisms by destroying the pathogen by punching holes in the cell’s membrane and attracting phagocytes to the pathogen

A

complement system

63
Q

this 2nd line of defense is all the white blood cells

A 
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
64
Q

what are the three steps that the complement system uses to destroy pathogens

A

1-activated complement proteins form holes in the cell wall and membrane of the bacterium
2-the bacterium can no longer maintain a constant internal environment, water enters the cell
3-the bacterium bursts

65
Q

this second line of defense works by bringing immune cells to the cite of injury - and is triggered by the release of what

A

inflammation is triggered by histamine

66
Q

what are the four parts of inflammation

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain

67
Q

in this part of inflammation blood flow carries defensive cells and chemicals to damaged tissue and removes toxins

A

redness

68
Q

in this part of inflammation increases the metabolic rate of cells in the injured area to speed healing

A

heat

69
Q

in this part of inflammation fluid containing defensive chemicals, blood-clotting factors, oxygen, nutrients, and defensive cells seeps into the injured area

A

swelling

70
Q

in this part of the inflammation system movement is hampered allowing the injured area to heal

A

pain

71
Q

in this 2nd line of defense - abnormally high body temperatures caused by chemicals from pathogens or the body itself

A

fever

72
Q

what causes shivering

A

the body temperature set point is raised to that responses like shivering are activated to raise the body temperature

73
Q

fever
defensive cells
defensive proteins
and inflammation are what line of defense

A

the 2nd line of defense

74
Q

what are the chemicals that raise body temperature

A

pyrogens

75
Q

what is needed when pathogens get past the 1st and 2nd line of defense

A

adaptive immune responses

76
Q

this line of defense provides a specific response and memory store to target invaders

A

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES

77
Q

substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign

A

antigen

78
Q

this part of the adaptive immune response are cells that are specialized to attack specific pathogens and remember them later

A

lymphocytes

79
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes

A

t cells

b cells

80
Q

this type of lymphocyte scans body cells to make sure they have the right protein markers; and kill those that do not belong in your body

A

t cells

81
Q

this type of lymphocyte will develop into cells that create antibodies that will attack an antigen if they see it again

A

B cells

82
Q

proteins that recognize and remove a specific pathogen from your body

A

antibodies

83
Q

there are two types of immune responses what are they

A

antibody-mediated

cell-mediated

84
Q

this type of immune response protect against antigens found traveling in the blood, etc. B-cells are responsible for this type because they will produce cells that make antibodies

A

antibody-mediated

85
Q

this type of immune response protects against cellular pathogens or abnormal cells; T-cells are responsible for this response because they directly bind to the pathogen or abnormal cell and destroys it

A

Cell-mediated

86
Q

proteins found in the family of immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

87
Q

how many different classes of immunoglobulins/antibodies are there

A

5

88
Q

what are the two classes of immunoglobulins/antibodies you need to know

A

IGG

IGM

89
Q

this is the most common class of immunoglobulins/antibodies such as RH which can cross the placenta

A

IGG

90
Q

this is the ant-A and anti-B antibodies found in the blood plasma that cannot cross the placenta

A

IGM

91
Q

what is the structure of an antibody molecule

A

it is Y shaped, the bottom is always the same but the top of the Y are variable regions

92
Q

this part of an antibody molecule are what bind to antigens

A

variable regions

93
Q

what are the three steps to how antibodies are created?

A

1-B-cell binds to a specific antigen
2-B-cell clones itself many times
3-two types of clones are created by the B-cell

94
Q

________ are created when the B-cell is made in the ____ ______.

A

receptors

bone marrow

95
Q

when does the B-cell clone itself

A

once it finds a match

96
Q

what are the two type of clones that the B-cell creates

A

memory cells

plasma cells

97
Q

lots of this clone produces antibodies for the fight against a specific antigen

A

plasma cells

98
Q

fewer of this clone are produced to remember the antigen so there will be a quicker response in the future

A

memory cells

99
Q

how do antibodies defend against pathogens?

A

they always have a PLAN - 4 things they can do depending on the bacteria that it is reacting against

100
Q

the P in PLAN - clumping antigens together so they become easier to be phagocytosed (settle out of solution)

A

Precipitation

101
Q

the L in PLAN - activate the complement system which will puncture the cell membrane and cause it to burst (bursting)

A

Lysis

102
Q

the A in PLAN - make the antigens more enticing to the phagocytes

A

Attraction of phagocytes

103
Q

the N in PLAN - bind to toxins making them unable to cause harm

A

Neutralization

104
Q

this is the name given to the memory for specific antigens the body has encountered before that allows the body to have a faster response if the pathogen is encountered again

A

immunological memory

105
Q

this is the slow rise in antibodies after the first exposure to a pathogen, followed by a decline

A

primary response

106
Q

this is the fast rise in antibodies; when more antibodies are produced than during the first encounter - reasoning behind vaccinations

A

secondary response

107
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immune responses

A

active immunity

passive immunity

108
Q

this happens naturally whenever you get an infection, after a vaccination, it creates memory cells and lasts a very long time

A

active immunity

109
Q

this is protection from antibodies from another person through injection or transfusions, antibodies from breast milk, no memory cells are created and it does not last very long

A

passive immunity

110
Q

nonspecific physical and chemical barriers

A

first line of defense

111
Q

nonspecific internal cellular and chemical defense

A

second line of defense

112
Q

immune response

A

third line of defense

113
Q

are first and second line of defense are part of innate defenses or adaptive acquired defenses

A

innate defenses

114
Q

are third line of defenses part of innate defenses or adaptive acquired defenses

A

adaptive acquired defenses

115
Q

defensive cells and proteins are what line of defense

A

2nd

116
Q

chemical barriers are what line of defense

A

1st

117
Q

inflammation and fever are what line of defense

A

2nd

118
Q

adaptive immunity are what line of defense

A

3rd

119
Q

physical barrier are what line of defense

A

1st

120
Q

these are disorders in which the body immune system, for one reason or another, begins to attack its own cells

A

autoimmune disorders

121
Q

what are 5 common autoimmune disorders

A 
lupus
rheumatoid arthritis
type 1 diabetes
graves disease
celiac disease
122
Q

this autoimmune disorder can attack all different parts of the body, butterfly rash, appetite loss, hair loss, fever, fatigue, mouth and nose ulcers, lung issues, heart issues, severe abdominal pain, blood problems, anemia and hypertension, muscle and joint pains and abnormal headaches

A

lupus

123
Q

this autoimmune disorder causes joint pain, stiffness, swelling, overall weakness and tiredness

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

124
Q

this autoimmune disorder causes increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, irritability and mood changes, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision

A

Type 1 Diabetes

125
Q

this autoimmune disorder causes enlargement of the thyroid, weight-loss, mood swings, extreme heat sensitivity, increased perspiration, abnormal menstrual cycle or erectile dysfunction, bulging and redness of eyes and changes in vision

A

Graves Disease

126
Q

this autoimmune disorder causes vomiting, poor appetite, bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhea/constipation, weight loss, short stature, numbness in hands/feet, and seizures.

A

Celiac Disease

127
Q

what are autoimmune diseases commonly treated with

A

steroids such as Prednisone

128
Q

The injection of antibodies from an outside source is an example of __________ immunity.

A

passive

129
Q 
A common treatment for autoimmune disorders is a a class of strong medications called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Group of answer choices
A

steroids

130
Q 
Which of the following blood cells are capable of producing antibodies?  monocytes 
  erythrocytes 
  phagocytes 
  T cells 
  B cells
A

B cells

131
Q 
Which is not a primary lymphatic tissue?
all of these are primary lymphatic tissues
thymus
spleen
red bone marrow
A

spleen

132
Q 
Lymph leaves a lymph node through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lymphatic vessel.
afferent
internal
external
efferent
A

efferent

133
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_ pulp of the spleen carries out immune functions.
lymphatic
medullary
red
white
A

white

134
Q

The thoracic duct
receives lymph from the upper right side of the body.
receives lymph from the left side of the head only.
receives lymph from the upper right side of the body and empties the lymph into the subclavian vein.
empties the lymph into the brachiocephalic trunk.
receives lymph from the left side of the head, left arm, and lower body and empties the lymph into the subclavian vein.

A

receives lymph from the left side of the head, left arm, and lower body and empties the lymph into the subclavian vein.

135
Q

All of the following are effects of the complement system EXCEPT
creating holes in the membrane of microbial pathogens.
cytolysis (bursting) of the microbe.
attracts phagocytes to sites where pathogens are located
increased permeability of blood vessels.

A

increased permeability of blood vessels.

136
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are ______ permeable than blood capillaries and are ________ than blood capillaries.

A

more permeable

larger

137
Q 
Match the immune response with the correct line of defense to which it belongs
Fever 
Mucous membranes 
Skin
Inflammation 
Complement 
Antibodies 
T-cells
A 
Fever-2nd
mucous membranes -1st
skin-1st
inflammation-2nd
complement-2nd
antibodies-3rd
t-cells-3rd
138
Q

Which of the following is an example of passive, naturally acquired immunity?
None of the above are passive and naturally acquired.
Mom passes her antibodies on to her baby through her breast milk.
The good doctor gave you the polio vaccine.
Your cousin exposed you to a nasty cold just before spring break.
Dr. Seuss gave you a rabies serum.

A

Mom passes her antibodies on to her baby through her breast milk.

139
Q 
T cells mature in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
thymus
red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow
thyroid gland
A

thymus

140
Q

Innate chemical barriers of the immune system include all the following EXCEPT:
stomach acid
sweat
all of these are innate chemical barriers
tears

A

all of these are innate chemical barriers

141
Q

The hormone released by the kidney that stimulates increased RBC production is

A

erythropoietin

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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