chapter 17 Flashcards
this system is comprised of lymph fluid, lymph nodes, lymph nodules, ducts, capillaries
lymphatic system
similar to the fluid that bathes your cells it moves around the body in a way similar to the blood in veins
lymph
what are the functions of the lymphatic system
1- drains excess fluid from the tissues
2- transports lipids
3- carries out immune responses
protects the throat against bacteria and foreign agents
tonsils
returns the lymph from the upper part of the body to the blood
right lymphatic duct
site where t lymphocytes mature, enabling them to fight specific disease-causing organisms
thymus
returns lymph from most of the body to the blood
thoracic duct
site of lymphocyte production removes old red blood cells foreign debris and micro-organisms from the blood
spleen
returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood some transport products of fat digestion to the blood
lymph vessels
filter lymph before returning it to the blood contains lymphocytes and macrophages that defends against disease-causing organisms
lymph nodes
lymphatic capillaries are different from blood capillaries in two ways what are they
1- larger, wider and bigger than capillaries
2- more permeable than blood capillaries allows them to absorbs fats and fluid
describe the one way flow of valves
one way flow - it draws fluids in and dumps it into the blood veins - it doesn’t allow the fluid to exit back out into the tissue it drew it out of.
describe the flow of fluid through the lymphatic vessels starting with lymphatic capillaries (cvnd)
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymphatic ducts
what are the name of the two lymphatic ducts
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
this lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the body
right lymphatic duct
this lymphatic duct drains lymph from the head, neck, left arm, and everything below the ribs
thoracic duct
both lymphatic ducts empty into the same veins first the ________ vein and then the _________ ___ ____.
subclavian vein
superior vena cava
when the lymphatic system does not work properly an individual can develop _______; a severe case of ______ is called _______.
edema
elephantiasis
how does lymph return to the heart?
the same two pumps as the blood
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
these are where the B cells and T cells develop and mature
primary lymphatic organs
which primary lymphatic organ makes B cells
red bone marrow
which primary lymphatic organ makes T cells
thymus
these are the sites where most immune response occur
secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
which secondary lymphatic organs and tissues can you find b cells and t cells in doing their job
spleen
lymph nodes
lymphatic nodules
this primary lymphatic organ is located behind the sternum
thymus
Immature t cells migrate from _____ to the thymus to mature
bone marrow
what percentage of t cells actually become mature in the thymus
2% the rest die
where do mature t cells go after they leave the thymus
the lymph nodes and spleen
this secondary lymphatic organ is found in the abdominal cavity
spleen
the spleen contains two types of lymphatic tissue
red pulp
white pulp
this is made up of mostly recycled dead red blood cells and some splenic tissue
red pulp
this is made up mostly of lymphocytes and macrophages or white blood cells
white pulp
this splenic tissue type removes old red blood cells and is responsible for storage of platelets
red pulp
this splenic tissue type carries out immune responses
white pulp
this secondary lymphatic organ or tissue is found scattered throughout the body in clusters
lymph nodes
what are found within lymph nodes
clusters of b cells and t cells
what are the b cells and t cells found in lymph nodes doing
functioning as filters
lymph flows into lymph nodes via these vessels, of which there are many
afferent lymph vessels
once in the lymph node what happens to foreign substances
they are filtered out and destroyed by macrophages and lymphocytes
lymph exits or flows out of the lymph nodes via these vessels of which there are only one or two
efferent lymph vessels
lymph flows at what rate and why
lymph flows at a slow rate to allow time for filtration
these are masses of lymphatic tissue that are not encapsulated
lymphatic nodules
these lymphatic nodules are located in the pharynx and protect the body from inhaled and ingested foreign material
tonsils
the lymphatic nodules are actually aggregation of lymphatic follicles in the small intestine
Peyer’s patches
what are the two branches of the immune system
innate immunity
adaptive immunity
this branch of the immune system you are born with and it offers a non-specific reaction - fighting off any antigen that is considered foreign by the body
innate immunity
this branch of the immune system is a reaction to a specific pathogen
adaptive immunity
there are five different types of innate immunity what are they (PCDIF)
physical barriers - skin chemical barriers - saliva, tears, etc defensive cells and proteins inflammation fever
there are two different types of adaptive immunity what are they (AC)
antibody-mediated
cell-mediated
what are the two main types of physical barriers that are part of innate immunity
skin
mucous membranes
in this physical barrier dead cells flake off taking microbes with them and the live cells have tight connection between cells to help prevent microbes from entering
skin
this physical barrier lines the digestive system and respiratory passages and produces a sticky substance that prevents the microbes from entering, also cilia in the respiratory tract helps move the trapped pathogens out of your body
mucous membranes
chemical barriers that are part of the innate immunity are found in what body areas
skin stomach eyes urinary tract vagina
what are the chemical barriers found in skin
sweat and oil with antimicrobial properties
acidic secretions-slow bacterial growth
what are the chemical barriers found in the stomach
produces hydrochloric acid that kills microbes
what are the chemical barriers found in the eyes
lysozyme which is an antibacterial substance found in tears
what are the chemical barriers found in the urinary tract
acidic urine kills microbes
what are the chemical barriers found in the vagina
vagina produces antimicrobial mucous
physical barriers
chemical barriers
make up what line of defense
1st line of defense
what three components make up the 2nd line of defense also part of innate immunity
interferon
complement system
cells
this is chemicals secreted from a virus infected cell that helps slow the spread of the virus and warn uninfected cells about the virus
interferon
this is a set of proteins that enhance the bodys other defense mechanisms by destroying the pathogen by punching holes in the cell’s membrane and attracting phagocytes to the pathogen
complement system
this 2nd line of defense is all the white blood cells
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
what are the three steps that the complement system uses to destroy pathogens
1-activated complement proteins form holes in the cell wall and membrane of the bacterium
2-the bacterium can no longer maintain a constant internal environment, water enters the cell
3-the bacterium bursts
this second line of defense works by bringing immune cells to the cite of injury - and is triggered by the release of what
inflammation is triggered by histamine
what are the four parts of inflammation
redness
heat
swelling
pain
in this part of inflammation blood flow carries defensive cells and chemicals to damaged tissue and removes toxins
redness
in this part of inflammation increases the metabolic rate of cells in the injured area to speed healing
heat
in this part of inflammation fluid containing defensive chemicals, blood-clotting factors, oxygen, nutrients, and defensive cells seeps into the injured area
swelling
in this part of the inflammation system movement is hampered allowing the injured area to heal
pain
in this 2nd line of defense - abnormally high body temperatures caused by chemicals from pathogens or the body itself
fever
what causes shivering
the body temperature set point is raised to that responses like shivering are activated to raise the body temperature
fever
defensive cells
defensive proteins
and inflammation are what line of defense
the 2nd line of defense
what are the chemicals that raise body temperature
pyrogens
what is needed when pathogens get past the 1st and 2nd line of defense
adaptive immune responses
this line of defense provides a specific response and memory store to target invaders
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES
substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign
antigen
this part of the adaptive immune response are cells that are specialized to attack specific pathogens and remember them later
lymphocytes
what are the two types of lymphocytes
t cells
b cells
this type of lymphocyte scans body cells to make sure they have the right protein markers; and kill those that do not belong in your body
t cells
this type of lymphocyte will develop into cells that create antibodies that will attack an antigen if they see it again
B cells
proteins that recognize and remove a specific pathogen from your body
antibodies
there are two types of immune responses what are they
antibody-mediated
cell-mediated
this type of immune response protect against antigens found traveling in the blood, etc. B-cells are responsible for this type because they will produce cells that make antibodies
antibody-mediated
this type of immune response protects against cellular pathogens or abnormal cells; T-cells are responsible for this response because they directly bind to the pathogen or abnormal cell and destroys it
Cell-mediated
proteins found in the family of immunoglobulins
antibodies
how many different classes of immunoglobulins/antibodies are there
5
what are the two classes of immunoglobulins/antibodies you need to know
IGG
IGM
this is the most common class of immunoglobulins/antibodies such as RH which can cross the placenta
IGG
this is the ant-A and anti-B antibodies found in the blood plasma that cannot cross the placenta
IGM
what is the structure of an antibody molecule
it is Y shaped, the bottom is always the same but the top of the Y are variable regions
this part of an antibody molecule are what bind to antigens
variable regions
what are the three steps to how antibodies are created?
1-B-cell binds to a specific antigen
2-B-cell clones itself many times
3-two types of clones are created by the B-cell
________ are created when the B-cell is made in the ____ ______.
receptors
bone marrow
when does the B-cell clone itself
once it finds a match
what are the two type of clones that the B-cell creates
memory cells
plasma cells
lots of this clone produces antibodies for the fight against a specific antigen
plasma cells
fewer of this clone are produced to remember the antigen so there will be a quicker response in the future
memory cells
how do antibodies defend against pathogens?
they always have a PLAN - 4 things they can do depending on the bacteria that it is reacting against
the P in PLAN - clumping antigens together so they become easier to be phagocytosed (settle out of solution)
Precipitation
the L in PLAN - activate the complement system which will puncture the cell membrane and cause it to burst (bursting)
Lysis
the A in PLAN - make the antigens more enticing to the phagocytes
Attraction of phagocytes
the N in PLAN - bind to toxins making them unable to cause harm
Neutralization
this is the name given to the memory for specific antigens the body has encountered before that allows the body to have a faster response if the pathogen is encountered again
immunological memory
this is the slow rise in antibodies after the first exposure to a pathogen, followed by a decline
primary response
this is the fast rise in antibodies; when more antibodies are produced than during the first encounter - reasoning behind vaccinations
secondary response
what are the two types of adaptive immune responses
active immunity
passive immunity
this happens naturally whenever you get an infection, after a vaccination, it creates memory cells and lasts a very long time
active immunity
this is protection from antibodies from another person through injection or transfusions, antibodies from breast milk, no memory cells are created and it does not last very long
passive immunity
nonspecific physical and chemical barriers
first line of defense
nonspecific internal cellular and chemical defense
second line of defense
immune response
third line of defense
are first and second line of defense are part of innate defenses or adaptive acquired defenses
innate defenses
are third line of defenses part of innate defenses or adaptive acquired defenses
adaptive acquired defenses
defensive cells and proteins are what line of defense
2nd
chemical barriers are what line of defense
1st
inflammation and fever are what line of defense
2nd
adaptive immunity are what line of defense
3rd
physical barrier are what line of defense
1st
these are disorders in which the body immune system, for one reason or another, begins to attack its own cells
autoimmune disorders
what are 5 common autoimmune disorders
lupus rheumatoid arthritis type 1 diabetes graves disease celiac disease
this autoimmune disorder can attack all different parts of the body, butterfly rash, appetite loss, hair loss, fever, fatigue, mouth and nose ulcers, lung issues, heart issues, severe abdominal pain, blood problems, anemia and hypertension, muscle and joint pains and abnormal headaches
lupus
this autoimmune disorder causes joint pain, stiffness, swelling, overall weakness and tiredness
Rheumatoid arthritis
this autoimmune disorder causes increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, irritability and mood changes, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision
Type 1 Diabetes
this autoimmune disorder causes enlargement of the thyroid, weight-loss, mood swings, extreme heat sensitivity, increased perspiration, abnormal menstrual cycle or erectile dysfunction, bulging and redness of eyes and changes in vision
Graves Disease
this autoimmune disorder causes vomiting, poor appetite, bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhea/constipation, weight loss, short stature, numbness in hands/feet, and seizures.
Celiac Disease
what are autoimmune diseases commonly treated with
steroids such as Prednisone
The injection of antibodies from an outside source is an example of __________ immunity.
passive
A common treatment for autoimmune disorders is a a class of strong medications called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Group of answer choices
steroids
Which of the following blood cells are capable of producing antibodies? monocytes erythrocytes phagocytes T cells B cells
B cells
Which is not a primary lymphatic tissue? all of these are primary lymphatic tissues thymus spleen red bone marrow
spleen
Lymph leaves a lymph node through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lymphatic vessel. afferent internal external efferent
efferent
The \_\_\_\_\_ pulp of the spleen carries out immune functions. lymphatic medullary red white
white
The thoracic duct
receives lymph from the upper right side of the body.
receives lymph from the left side of the head only.
receives lymph from the upper right side of the body and empties the lymph into the subclavian vein.
empties the lymph into the brachiocephalic trunk.
receives lymph from the left side of the head, left arm, and lower body and empties the lymph into the subclavian vein.
receives lymph from the left side of the head, left arm, and lower body and empties the lymph into the subclavian vein.
All of the following are effects of the complement system EXCEPT
creating holes in the membrane of microbial pathogens.
cytolysis (bursting) of the microbe.
attracts phagocytes to sites where pathogens are located
increased permeability of blood vessels.
increased permeability of blood vessels.
Lymphatic capillaries are ______ permeable than blood capillaries and are ________ than blood capillaries.
more permeable
larger
Match the immune response with the correct line of defense to which it belongs Fever Mucous membranes Skin Inflammation Complement Antibodies T-cells
Fever-2nd mucous membranes -1st skin-1st inflammation-2nd complement-2nd antibodies-3rd t-cells-3rd
Which of the following is an example of passive, naturally acquired immunity?
None of the above are passive and naturally acquired.
Mom passes her antibodies on to her baby through her breast milk.
The good doctor gave you the polio vaccine.
Your cousin exposed you to a nasty cold just before spring break.
Dr. Seuss gave you a rabies serum.
Mom passes her antibodies on to her baby through her breast milk.
T cells mature in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. thymus red bone marrow yellow bone marrow thyroid gland
thymus
Innate chemical barriers of the immune system include all the following EXCEPT:
stomach acid
sweat
all of these are innate chemical barriers
tears
all of these are innate chemical barriers
The hormone released by the kidney that stimulates increased RBC production is
erythropoietin
