chapter 10 Flashcards by Laneta Jones | Brainscape

Q

the central nervous system is made up of what two kinds of nerves

A

spinal and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

what is the protective layer for the meninges?

A

layers of skin and bones

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

thin layers of connective, protective tissues that cover the brain are called what and how many layers are there

A

meninges

3 layers

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

this fills the space between meninges and the brain; it provides chemical protection for the brain and is filled with nutrients, oxygen, and hormones

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

what are the two functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

shock absorption

support

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

the hard, tough outer most layer of the meninges

A

dura mater

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

the middle layer of the meninges identified by its spiderweb like fingers

A

arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

the delicate most inner internal layer of the meninges

A

pia mater

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

found between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater is what space?

A

subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with and what is this site often used for

A

cerebrospinal fluid

lumbar puncture

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by several organisms; bacterial is the most severe

A

meningitis

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

the symptoms of this disease are nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, an altered mental state, headache, and severe stiff neck

A

meningitis

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

when looking at meningitis under a microscope what does it look like

A

a slimy opaque liquid with a greenish coloration from the bacteria colonies

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

these ventricles are found in the cerebral hemispheres

A

lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

this ventricle is found along the midline of the brain

A

third ventricle

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

this structure that moves CSF is found in the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

this ventricle is found in the brainstem

A

fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

which step in CSF flow is the following:

moves through the interventricular foramina into the third ventricle.

A

2nd step

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

which step in CSF flow is the following:

moves from the fourth ventricle through lateral and median apertures into the subarachnoid space

A

4th step

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

which step in CSF flow is the following:

formed in lateral ventricles in the choroid plexus

A

1st step

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

which step in CSF flow is the following:

moves from the third ventricle, through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle

A

3rd step

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

which step in CSF flow is the following:

once reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi it travels in venous blood to the heart and lungs

A

6th step

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

which step in CSF flow is the following:

once in the subarachnoid space the arachnoid villi of the dural, venous sinuses reabsorb the CSF

A

5th step

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

name the apparatuses in order that CSF travels from

LITCFLSAVH

A

lateral ventricles in the choroid plexus
interventricular foramina
third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle
lateral and median apertures
subarachnoid space
arachnoid villi of the venous sinuses
venous blood
heart and lungs

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

the condition caused by a backup of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid usually found in infants and can be treated effectively if found early

A

hydrocephaly

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

pointed end of the spinal cord that is located between vertebra levels L1 and L2

A

conus medullaris

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

this is a group of nerves that continue past the conus medullaris that looks like a horses tail located inferiorly to the conus medullaris in the lumbar region

A

cauda equina

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

an extension of the conus medullaris that connects the spinal cord to the coccyx; an extension of the pia mater

A

filum terminale

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

This spinal cord structure passes sensory input into the spinal cord and up to the brain; it is the entrance point for input from sensory neurons

A

dorsal root

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

This spinal cord structure passes motor neuron output from the brain and spinal cord out to the body part it is effecting; it is the exit point for motor neurons and contains the axons of motor neurons

A

ventral root

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

how can you tell the difference between the dorsal and ventral roots

A

the dorsal root has a large onion shaped bulge called the dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

which root contains sensory neurons and is the input or entrance

A

dorsal root

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

which root contains axons of motor neurons and is the output or exit

A

ventral root

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

this passes directly through the center of the butterfly shaped gray matter and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

central canal

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

this is the end portion of the dorsal and ventral root where they combine

A

spinal nerve

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

what kind of nerve Is the spinal nerve and why

A

mixed nerve because it contains both sensory and motor fibers

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

spinal nerves come in ? one serves the right side and one serves the left side of the body

A

pairs

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

what is the name of the outermost layer of spinal nerve coverings, that covers the entire nerve

A

Epineurium

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

what is the name of the middle layer of spinal nerve coverings, that covers bundles of axons called fascicles

A

Perineurium

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

what is the name of the innermost layer of spinal nerve coverings, that surrounds each individual axon

A

endoneurium

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

this is where spinal nerves branch and join with adjoining axons instead of going directly to the structure they supply

A

plexus

Q

This plexus supplies head, upper shoulders, and diaphragm.

A

cervical plexus

Q

what is the name of the nerve that specifically supplies the diaphragm

A

phrenic NERVE

Q

this plexus supplies the neck, shoulder and arm

A

Brachial plexus

Q

this plexus supplies the abdominal wall, genitals, and part of the leg

A

Lumbar plexus

Q

this plexus supplies the buttocks, perineum, and legs

A

Sacral plexus

Q

this is the longest nerve in the body and is part of the sacral plexus

A

sciatic nerve

Q

This is pain felt from the back down the posterior portion of the leg; is usually one sided; can be caused by disc herniation, leg muscle compression, or compression during pregnancy; is treated with pain medication and usually goes away in less than 6 weeks in most patients

A

sciatica

Q

a rapid involuntary response to a stimulus

A

reflex

Q

how are reflexes grouped by type in what two categories

A

where they are integrated

what they control

Q

which two reflexes are in the group Integration site

A

cranial reflexes

spinal reflexes

Q

these reflexes are mediated by the spinal cord and nerves

A

spinal reflexes

Q

these reflexes are mediated by the brain and cranial nerves

A

cranial reflexes

Q

what two reflexes are grouped under what they control

A

Autonomic or (visceral)
Somatic

Q

this reflexes effector is smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or a gland.

A

autonomic or visceral

Q

this reflexes effector is always a skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

Q

the pathway the nerve impulses travels from receptor to effector is known as a?

A

reflex arc

Q

there are five steps in the reflex arc, what are they

A

receptor
sensory neuron
integration center (spinal cord or brain)
motor neuron
effector

Q

which step is this in the reflex arc:

activation of a sensory neuron

A

step 2

Q

which step is this in the reflex arc:

response by an effector

A

step 5

Q

which step is this in the reflex arc:

information processing in CNS (spinal cord or brain)

A

step 3

Q

which step is this in the reflex arc:

arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor

A

step 1

Q

which step is this in the reflex arc:

activation of a motor neuron

A

step 4

Q

Identify which part of the reflex arc this belongs to:

the spinal cord acts as the integration center and analyses the information being received

A

step 3 - integration center

Q

Identify which part of the reflex arc this belongs to:

patellar tendon stretch from hitting the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer

A

step 1 - stimulus

Q

Identify which part of the reflex arc this belongs to:
quadriceps will contract extending the leg and relieving he stretch while the hamstrings relax allowing the quads to contract

A

step 5 - effectors

Q

Identify which part of the reflex arc this belongs to:

signal is sent down the dorsal root towards the spinal cord

A

step 2 - sensory neuron

Q

these send signals to the quadriceps and hamstrings

A

step 4 - motor neurons send message to effectors

Q

this contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and mid brain

A

brain stem

Q

this contains the thalamus, hypothalamus pineal and pituitary glands

A

Diencephalon

Q

this contains the bulk of the brain

A

Cerebrum

Q

this contains the second largest part of the brain sometimes called the “little brain”

A

Cerebellum

Q

This Is extremely selective about what materials it allows to enter the brain; things it allows to enter include oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, anesthetics

A

blood brain barrier

Q

this part of the brain stem Is in charge of the most vital functions - basic breathing rhythm, heart rate, blood pressure; connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

Q

this part of the brain stem is sometimes referred to as the bridge; it connects the spinal cord and higher brain centers; assists the medulla oblongata in breathing regulation

A

pons

Q

this part of the brain stem controls simple reflexes to sight and sound; turning head toward sound, and pupillary reflexes (bright lights)

A

midbrain

Q

region superior to the brain stem that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

Q

paired oval masses in the middle of the brain; relay station or switchboard of the brain; all sensations must pass through this before going on to their specific regions in the cerebrum except smell.

A

Thalamus

Q

these are the only senses that move straight from the olfactory bulbs to the temporal lobes

A

smell

Q

below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland; this is the master regular that helps to maintain homeostasis; controls autonomic nervous system, hormone production, plays a role in sex drive, pain, fear, anger, hunger, thirst, and body temperature regulation

A

hypothalamus

Q

located below the occipital lobe; this is responsible for all motor control including posture, balance, smooth voluntary movements, and coordination of complex movements

A

Cerebellum

Q

This divides the cerebrum into right and left central hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

Q

this is a band of white matter that connects the cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

Q

this lobe of the cerebral cortex is the primary somatosensory cortex/area and is responsible for taste

A

parietal lobe

Q

this lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for hearing, language and smell

A

temporal lobe

Q

this lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for vision

A

occipital lobe

Q

this lobe of the cerebral cortex is the primary motor cortex/area; controls voluntary movements and is also associated with mood, personality, and language

A

frontal lobe

Q

this test measures the electrical signals produced by the brain called _____ _______; used to study normal brain function and diagnose conditions such as epilepsy.

A

EEG

brain waves

Q

there are 12 pairs of these nerves that all exit the brain specifically; they are sensory, motor and mixed nerves.

A

cranial nerves

Q

on old olympus’ - some say marry

A

olfactory- sensory
optic - sensory
oculomotor motor

Q

towering tops -money but

A

trochlear - motor

trigeminal - both

Q

a friendly Viking - my brother says

A

abducens - motor
facial - both
vestibulocochlear - sensory

Q

grows vines and hops - big butts matter more

A

glossopharyngeal - both
vagus - both
accessory - motor
hypoglossal - motor

Q

this disorder is the death of nervous cells due to an interruption of blood flow to that area; extent of impairment depends on where in the brain it was located; if located on right will cause impairments on the left side and if located on left will cause impairments of the right side; causes include blood clots, hemorrhage of a blood vessel in the meninges, fatty deposits that block off flow in the blood vessel. Risk factors can include high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake

A

stroke

Q

An EEG measure the electrical signals produced by brain waves. True or False

A

true

Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

A

occipital

Q

The dorsal root contains

A

sensory fibers only

Q

The temporal lobe is associated with processing auditory inputs (hearing). TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

Q

Which region of the brain is the primary control center for homeostatic regulation?

A

hypothalamus

Q

The effector for somatic reflexes is often a gland. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE SHOULD BE AUTONOMIC REFLEXES

Q

The innermost layer of the meninges is the

A

PIA MATER

Q

The brachial plexus supplies the abdominal wall. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE SHOULD BE LUMBAR PLEXUS