chapter 10 Flashcards
the central nervous system is made up of what two kinds of nerves
spinal and cranial nerves
what is the protective layer for the meninges?
layers of skin and bones
thin layers of connective, protective tissues that cover the brain are called what and how many layers are there
meninges
3 layers
this fills the space between meninges and the brain; it provides chemical protection for the brain and is filled with nutrients, oxygen, and hormones
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
what are the two functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
shock absorption
support
the hard, tough outer most layer of the meninges
dura mater
the middle layer of the meninges identified by its spiderweb like fingers
arachnoid mater
the delicate most inner internal layer of the meninges
pia mater
found between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater is what space?
subarachnoid space
what is the subarachnoid space filled with and what is this site often used for
cerebrospinal fluid
lumbar puncture
inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by several organisms; bacterial is the most severe
meningitis
the symptoms of this disease are nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, an altered mental state, headache, and severe stiff neck
meningitis
when looking at meningitis under a microscope what does it look like
a slimy opaque liquid with a greenish coloration from the bacteria colonies
these ventricles are found in the cerebral hemispheres
lateral ventricles
this ventricle is found along the midline of the brain
third ventricle
this structure that moves CSF is found in the midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
this ventricle is found in the brainstem
fourth ventricle
which step in CSF flow is the following:
moves through the interventricular foramina into the third ventricle.
2nd step
which step in CSF flow is the following:
moves from the fourth ventricle through lateral and median apertures into the subarachnoid space
4th step
which step in CSF flow is the following:
formed in lateral ventricles in the choroid plexus
1st step
which step in CSF flow is the following:
moves from the third ventricle, through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
3rd step
which step in CSF flow is the following:
once reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi it travels in venous blood to the heart and lungs
6th step
which step in CSF flow is the following:
once in the subarachnoid space the arachnoid villi of the dural, venous sinuses reabsorb the CSF
5th step
name the apparatuses in order that CSF travels from
LITCFLSAVH
lateral ventricles in the choroid plexus interventricular foramina third ventricle cerebral aqueduct fourth ventricle lateral and median apertures subarachnoid space arachnoid villi of the venous sinuses venous blood heart and lungs
the condition caused by a backup of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid usually found in infants and can be treated effectively if found early
hydrocephaly
pointed end of the spinal cord that is located between vertebra levels L1 and L2
conus medullaris
this is a group of nerves that continue past the conus medullaris that looks like a horses tail located inferiorly to the conus medullaris in the lumbar region
cauda equina
an extension of the conus medullaris that connects the spinal cord to the coccyx; an extension of the pia mater
filum terminale
This spinal cord structure passes sensory input into the spinal cord and up to the brain; it is the entrance point for input from sensory neurons
dorsal root
This spinal cord structure passes motor neuron output from the brain and spinal cord out to the body part it is effecting; it is the exit point for motor neurons and contains the axons of motor neurons
ventral root
how can you tell the difference between the dorsal and ventral roots
the dorsal root has a large onion shaped bulge called the dorsal root ganglion
which root contains sensory neurons and is the input or entrance
dorsal root
which root contains axons of motor neurons and is the output or exit
ventral root
this passes directly through the center of the butterfly shaped gray matter and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
central canal
this is the end portion of the dorsal and ventral root where they combine
spinal nerve
what kind of nerve Is the spinal nerve and why
mixed nerve because it contains both sensory and motor fibers
spinal nerves come in ? one serves the right side and one serves the left side of the body
pairs
what is the name of the outermost layer of spinal nerve coverings, that covers the entire nerve
Epineurium
what is the name of the middle layer of spinal nerve coverings, that covers bundles of axons called fascicles
Perineurium
what is the name of the innermost layer of spinal nerve coverings, that surrounds each individual axon
endoneurium
this is where spinal nerves branch and join with adjoining axons instead of going directly to the structure they supply
plexus
This plexus supplies head, upper shoulders, and diaphragm.
cervical plexus
what is the name of the nerve that specifically supplies the diaphragm
phrenic NERVE
this plexus supplies the neck, shoulder and arm
Brachial plexus
this plexus supplies the abdominal wall, genitals, and part of the leg
Lumbar plexus
this plexus supplies the buttocks, perineum, and legs
Sacral plexus
this is the longest nerve in the body and is part of the sacral plexus
sciatic nerve
This is pain felt from the back down the posterior portion of the leg; is usually one sided; can be caused by disc herniation, leg muscle compression, or compression during pregnancy; is treated with pain medication and usually goes away in less than 6 weeks in most patients
sciatica
a rapid involuntary response to a stimulus
reflex
how are reflexes grouped by type in what two categories
where they are integrated
what they control
which two reflexes are in the group Integration site
cranial reflexes
spinal reflexes
these reflexes are mediated by the spinal cord and nerves
spinal reflexes
these reflexes are mediated by the brain and cranial nerves
cranial reflexes
what two reflexes are grouped under what they control
Autonomic or (visceral) Somatic
this reflexes effector is smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or a gland.
autonomic or visceral
this reflexes effector is always a skeletal muscle
Somatic
the pathway the nerve impulses travels from receptor to effector is known as a?
reflex arc
there are five steps in the reflex arc, what are they
- receptor
- sensory neuron
- integration center (spinal cord or brain)
- motor neuron
- effector
which step is this in the reflex arc:
activation of a sensory neuron
step 2
which step is this in the reflex arc:
response by an effector
step 5
which step is this in the reflex arc:
information processing in CNS (spinal cord or brain)
step 3
which step is this in the reflex arc:
arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
step 1
which step is this in the reflex arc:
activation of a motor neuron
step 4
Identify which part of the reflex arc this belongs to:
the spinal cord acts as the integration center and analyses the information being received
step 3 - integration center
Identify which part of the reflex arc this belongs to:
patellar tendon stretch from hitting the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer
step 1 - stimulus
Identify which part of the reflex arc this belongs to:
quadriceps will contract extending the leg and relieving he stretch while the hamstrings relax allowing the quads to contract
step 5 - effectors
Identify which part of the reflex arc this belongs to:
signal is sent down the dorsal root towards the spinal cord
step 2 - sensory neuron
these send signals to the quadriceps and hamstrings
step 4 - motor neurons send message to effectors
this contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and mid brain
brain stem
this contains the thalamus, hypothalamus pineal and pituitary glands
Diencephalon
this contains the bulk of the brain
Cerebrum
this contains the second largest part of the brain sometimes called the “little brain”
Cerebellum
This Is extremely selective about what materials it allows to enter the brain; things it allows to enter include oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, anesthetics
blood brain barrier
this part of the brain stem Is in charge of the most vital functions - basic breathing rhythm, heart rate, blood pressure; connects the brain to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
this part of the brain stem is sometimes referred to as the bridge; it connects the spinal cord and higher brain centers; assists the medulla oblongata in breathing regulation
pons
this part of the brain stem controls simple reflexes to sight and sound; turning head toward sound, and pupillary reflexes (bright lights)
midbrain
region superior to the brain stem that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
diencephalon
paired oval masses in the middle of the brain; relay station or switchboard of the brain; all sensations must pass through this before going on to their specific regions in the cerebrum except smell.
Thalamus
these are the only senses that move straight from the olfactory bulbs to the temporal lobes
smell
below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland; this is the master regular that helps to maintain homeostasis; controls autonomic nervous system, hormone production, plays a role in sex drive, pain, fear, anger, hunger, thirst, and body temperature regulation
hypothalamus
located below the occipital lobe; this is responsible for all motor control including posture, balance, smooth voluntary movements, and coordination of complex movements
Cerebellum
This divides the cerebrum into right and left central hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
this is a band of white matter that connects the cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
this lobe of the cerebral cortex is the primary somatosensory cortex/area and is responsible for taste
parietal lobe
this lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for hearing, language and smell
temporal lobe
this lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for vision
occipital lobe
this lobe of the cerebral cortex is the primary motor cortex/area; controls voluntary movements and is also associated with mood, personality, and language
frontal lobe
this test measures the electrical signals produced by the brain called _____ _______; used to study normal brain function and diagnose conditions such as epilepsy.
EEG
brain waves
there are 12 pairs of these nerves that all exit the brain specifically; they are sensory, motor and mixed nerves.
cranial nerves
on old olympus’ - some say marry
olfactory- sensory
optic - sensory
oculomotor motor
towering tops -money but
trochlear - motor
trigeminal - both
a friendly Viking - my brother says
abducens - motor
facial - both
vestibulocochlear - sensory
grows vines and hops - big butts matter more
glossopharyngeal - both
vagus - both
accessory - motor
hypoglossal - motor
this disorder is the death of nervous cells due to an interruption of blood flow to that area; extent of impairment depends on where in the brain it was located; if located on right will cause impairments on the left side and if located on left will cause impairments of the right side; causes include blood clots, hemorrhage of a blood vessel in the meninges, fatty deposits that block off flow in the blood vessel. Risk factors can include high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake
stroke
An EEG measure the electrical signals produced by brain waves. True or False
true
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
occipital
The dorsal root contains
sensory fibers only
The temporal lobe is associated with processing auditory inputs (hearing). TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Which region of the brain is the primary control center for homeostatic regulation?
hypothalamus
The effector for somatic reflexes is often a gland. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE SHOULD BE AUTONOMIC REFLEXES
The innermost layer of the meninges is the
PIA MATER
The brachial plexus supplies the abdominal wall. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE SHOULD BE LUMBAR PLEXUS
