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Biology 5 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

This system is composed of organs and endocrine glands that release their hormones directly into the blood steam

A

the endocrine system

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2
Q

a chemical that is secreted or made by an endocrine gland

A

hormone

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3
Q

each hormone only affects what? This cell has receptors for that hormone.

A

target cell

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4
Q

when does the hormone begin its effect

A

once the hormone binds to or enters its target cell

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5
Q

why do we need regulation of hormones?

A

to prevent over or under production of a hormone, because there are side effects of either one

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6
Q

what are the three ways that hormones are regulated?

A

1 - via input signals from the nervous system: epinephrine or norepinephrine
2 - chemical changes in the blood: parathyroid hormone responds to levels of calcium in the blood
3 - other hormones cause changes: ACTH regulates cortisol

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7
Q

what are the 10 endocrine glands from head moving down the body

A 
hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland - anterior and posterior
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
thymus gland
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes
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8
Q

this organ of the brain contains neurons that secrete hormones; it works very closely with the posterior pituitary in that hormones that are made in this organ are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

how does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

it either activates or inhibits secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

known as the regulatory system for homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

what two hormones does the hypothalamus produce and store in the posterior pituitary; posterior pituitary secretes them

A

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

OT - Oxytocin

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12
Q

This hormones function is to conserve water by decreasing urine output and is secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH - Antidiuretic hormone

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13
Q

describe how ADH works in the system 6 steps

A

1 - workout occurs
2 - sweating happens which decreases blood volume
3 - hypothalamus is stimulated, and so it stimulates the posterior pituitary
4 - ADH is secreted
5 - ADH acts on the kidneys; kidneys reabsorb more water into the plasma
6 - blood volume increases

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14
Q

This hormones function contracts the uterus during labor and stimulates release of milk or milk ejection during nursing; it is produced by the hypothalamus but secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

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15
Q

what is the name of the synthetic oxytocin that is used for inducing labor

A

Pitocin

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16
Q

Describe the process of oxytocin in the body during labor

A

1 - the head of the baby stretches the cervix of the mothers uterus.
2 - in response to the stretching, nerve impulses are sent to the hypothalamus
3 - the hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
4 - the posterior pituitary release Oxytocin, which travels n the blood to muscles of the uterus
5 - the uterus responds to Oxytocin by contracting more vigorously
6 - Uterine contractions increase dilation of the cervix, which stimulates further release of Oxytocin, which stimulates even more frequent and vigorous contractions
7 - At birth, stretching of the cervix lessens and the positive feedback cycle is broken

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17
Q

Tis gland is the size of a pea, with 2 lobes anterior and posterior and is connected to the hypothalamus through the infundibulum

A

pituitary gland

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18
Q

There are 7 major hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes what are the six you are required to know

A 
1 - LH - luteinizing hormone
2 - FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
3 - hGH - human growth hormone
4 - PRL - Prolactin
5 - ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
6 - TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone
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19
Q

The function of this hormone is to stimulate growth of tissue and is usually only secreted during childhood

A

hGH - Human growth hormone

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20
Q

This condition is caused by too much hGH being secreted during childhood; usually caused by tumors on the pituitary

A

Gigantism

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21
Q

This condition is caused by having abnormally high amounts of growth hormone when you are adult and is usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary, it causes significant thickening of your hand, feet and jaw

A

Acromegaly

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22
Q

This condition is under production of the human growth hormone in childhood usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary, people with this condition are usually shorter than 4 feet tall and they can be treated with hGH medication to counteract the condition but those meds need to be given during childhood

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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23
Q

This hormones function is to stimulates milk production during nursing

A

prolactin

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24
Q

Prolactin is also produced by men for some unknown reason but overproduction of prolactin can cause what

A

erectile dysfunction

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25
Q

a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland causing it to release another hormone is called what

A

tropic hormone

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26
Q

There are 4 tropic hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary, what are they

A

1 - TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone
2 - ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
3 - FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone
4 - LH - Luteinizing hormone

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27
Q

This hormone stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormone T3 and T4

A

TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

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28
Q

This hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to release glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol

A

ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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29
Q

This hormone stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs or the testes to produce sperm

A

FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

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30
Q

This hormone stimulates the testes and ovaries to produce the hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

A

LH - Luteinizing hormone

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31
Q

This gland is known as the “Butterfly” gland; it is found in front of the neck, around the windpipe

A

thyroid gland

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32
Q

what three hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

A

T3
T4
Calcitonin

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33
Q

Which two hormones are collectively called TH Thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4

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34
Q

Which hormone is also made by the thyroid gland and reduces blood calcium levels allowing bones to store calcium

A

calcitonin

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35
Q

These hormones function by increasing your metabolism through the basal metabolic rate, it needs iodine for production which it gets from your diet

A

TH Thyroid hormone

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36
Q

This condition is caused by the body not getting enough iodine through the diet causing it to grow larger and larger trying to get the thyroid too produce more or the thyroid hormone precursor; it has been greatly reduced by the introduction of iodized salt into our diet

A

Goiter

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37
Q

the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland; can accelerate your body’s metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.; Doctors use anti-thyroid medications and radioactive iodine to slow the production of thyroid hormones. Sometimes, treatment involves surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid gland

A

hyperthyroidism

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38
Q

This disease is the most common type of hyperthyroidism; it is a autoimmune disorder in which a person’s own antibodies mimic TSH and stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more TH, more than you need; common symptoms can include: Goiter, Exophthalmos (eye bulges), increased body temperature, weight loss

A

Grave’s Disease

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39
Q

the condition in which your thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough of certain crucial hormones; may not cause noticeable symptoms in the early stages. Over time, untreated hypothyroidism can cause a number of health problems, such as obesity, joint pain, infertility and heart disease.; Treatment with synthetic thyroid hormone is usually simple, safe and effective

A

hypothyroidism

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40
Q

These are four small glands on the back of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

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41
Q

This hormones function has the opposite effect of calcitonin, while calcitonin decreases the amount of calcium in your blood this hormone increases the amount of calcium in your blood

A

PTH - parathyroid hormone

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42
Q

Explain the balancing act that thyroid and parathyroid play a role in to maintain homeostasis

A

When blood calcium levels rise above normal the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin which makes the bones take up calcium returning the blood calcium level to normal whereas when blood calcium levels fall below normal parathyroid glands release PTH Parathyroid hormone which targets bones, kidneys and intestines, it makes the bones release calcium, the kidneys reabsorb calcium, and the intestines absorb calcium until normal calcium levels return to the blood.

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43
Q

This gland is found in the abdomen just below and behind the stomach; it is involved in secreting digestive juices; but is especially connected to blood sugar levels.

A

Pancreas

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44
Q

What two hormones does the pancreas produce

A

glucagon

insulin

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45
Q

This hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are high like after a meal; causes cells to increase glucose uptake, lowering the blood glucose levels

A

insulin

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46
Q

This hormone has the opposite effect of insulin it is secreted when blood glucose is low like between meals and it causes the liver to release glucose, which raises blood glucose

A

Glucagon

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47
Q

Explain the balancing act that takes place in the body between insulin and glucagon maintaining homeostasis

A

When the body senses that blood glucose levels are high the Pancreas secretes insulin this targets the liver to stop breakdown of glycogen to glucose, the muscle cells to take up glucose, and adipose tissue uses glucose to form fat until the body returns to a normal blood glucose level, however, when the body senses that the blood glucose levels have gone too low the pancreases secretes glucagon which targets the liver to breaks own glycogen to glucose until the normal blood glucose level has returned.

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48
Q

This disease Is an autoimmune disease caused by a persons own immune cells targeting the pancreas and making it unable to produce insulin; people with this disease have very low insulin levels or none at all; usually diagnosed in childhood; treatments usually involve insulin injections; characterized by Polydipsia (increased thirst), Polyphagia (increased hunger), and Polyuria (increased urination)

A

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes

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49
Q

This disease is not a problem with production of insulin but rather the cells of the body become desensitized to insulin because there is so much of it in the blood that it no longer responds to those levels; people with this disease normally have normal to high levels of insulin; treatment is usually diet and exercise

A

Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Diabetes

50
Q

These glands are pyramid shaped glands that sit atop the kidneys and contain 2 regions

A

adrenal glands

51
Q

what are the two regions of organization in the adrenal glands

A

medulla - inner region

cortex - outer region

52
Q

the outer adrenal cortex region produces three hormones, what are they

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens

53
Q

This hormone increases glucose levels and inhibits inflammation; however chronic stress can cause overproduction which suppresses the immune system and is hard on the heart

A

Cortisol

54
Q

This hormone regulates Ion balance of Sodium and potassium; it causes an uptake of sodium and water into the body; urine output decreases and blood volume and pressure increase

A

Aldosterone

55
Q

This hormone is insignificant in males but is responsible for sex drive in women

A

Androgens

56
Q

This region of the adrenal glands responds to increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary

A

Adrenal Cortex

57
Q

This region of the adrenal glands responds to neuron impulse sent by the nervous system that causes it to release hormones in response

A

adrenal medulla

58
Q

what are the two hormones that the adrenal medulla produces as part of the fight of flight response

A

epinephrine and NE norepinephrine

59
Q

Part of the sympathetic response, these two hormones prepare the body for a response to an emergency by dilating the pupils increasing the heart rate and increasing breathing

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine NE

60
Q

These endocrine glands are part of the female reproductive organs

A

Ovaries

61
Q

what are the two hormones that the ovaries produce to regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and are responsible for the female body shape

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

62
Q

These endocrine organs are part of the male reproductive organs

A

Testes

63
Q

what is the hormone produced by the testes that regulates sperm production and is responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics

A

Testosterone

64
Q

This gland is found in the posterior portion of the brain; sits right behind and below the thalamus

A

Pineal gland

65
Q

This hormone produced by the pineal gland s important in daily rhythms such as sleep; production of this hormone is increased with less light and causes you to feel drowsy

A

melatonin

66
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ increases blood calcium levels.
a - Calcitonin
b - Epinephrine
c - Thyroid hormone
d - Parathyroid hormone
A

d - Parathyroid hormone

67
Q 
All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT
a - adrenal glands.
b - pituitary gland.
c - parathyroid glands.
d - sweat glands.
A

d - sweat glands.

68
Q

_________ is the pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose levels, while _______ is the pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.

A

glucagon raises

insulin lowers

69
Q 
Calcitonin is a hormone released by the parafollicular cells of the
a - parathyroid gland.
b - thymus gland.
c - adrenal cortex.
d - pituitary gland.
e - thyroid gland.
A

e - thyroid gland.

70
Q 
Oxytocin and ADH are made by the 
a - hypothalamus
b - anterior pituitary
c - posterior pituitary
d - adrenal gland
A

a - hypothalamus

71
Q 
Hormones involved with the fight-or-flight response are released by the
a - pancreas
b - thymus
c - adrenal cortex
d - adrenal medulla
A

d - adrenal medulla

72
Q 
The most common type of hyperthyroidism is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ disease.
a - Graves'
b - Cushing's
c - myxedema
d - Addison's
A

a - Graves’

73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Calcitonin is a hormone of the parathyroid gland.

A

False it is a hormone of the thyroid gland

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The pineal gland releases hormones involved with regulating sleep patterns.

A

TRUE

75
Q 
Which of the following pituitary hormones stimulates testosterone production by the testis?
A - GH
B - FSH
C - ACTH
D - TSH
E - LH
A

E - LH

76
Q 
Which of the following is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?
A - androgens
B - epinephrine
C - cortisol
D - aldosterone
A

B - epinephrine

77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ACTH stimulates the production or sperm in the testes.

A

FALSE should be FSH Follicle stimulating hormone

78
Q

In ________ diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin. This type of diabetes is also known as _____________. The treatment for this type of diabetes is _________ . In _______ diabetes, body cells become desensitized to insulin. This type of diabetes is also known as __________ and can be treated with ________.

A 
Type 1 
Insulin dependent diabetes
insulin injections
Type 2
non insulin dependent diabetes
diet and exercise
79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Calcitonin is a hormone of the parathyroid gland.

A

FALSE should be thyroid gland

80
Q

where is oxytocin produced?

A

hypothalamus

81
Q

where is oxytocin secreted from?

A

posterior pituitary

82
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

contracts uterus during labor and stimulates milk ejection

83
Q

where is antidiuretic hormone produced?

A

hypothalamus

84
Q

where is antidiuretic hormone secreted?

A

posterior pituitary

85
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

conserves water by decreasing urine output

86
Q

where is human growth hormone produced and secreted?

A

anterior pituitary

87
Q

what does human growth hormone do/

A

stimulates growth of tissue

88
Q

where is prolactin produced and secreted?

A

anterior pituitary

89
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

in males too much prolactin causes erectile dysfunction

in females prolactin stimulates ilk production

90
Q

where is TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone produced and secreted?

A

anterior pituitary

91
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

acts on the thyroid stimulating it to release thyroid hormones T3 and T4

92
Q

where is adrenocorticotropic hormone produced and secreted?

A

anterior pituitary

93
Q

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?

A

affects the adrenal cortex by stimulating it to release glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol.

94
Q

where is follicle stimulate hormone produced and secreted?

A

anterior pituitary

95
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

in males it stimulates the production of sperm by the testes

in females in stimulates production of eggs by the ovaries

96
Q

where is luteinizing hormone produced and secreted?

A

anterior pituitary

97
Q

what does luteinizing hormone do?

A

in males in stimulates production of testosterone by the testes
in females it stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries

98
Q

where is thyroid hormones T3 and T4 produced and secreted?

A

thyroid

99
Q

what do thyroid hormones T3 and T4 do?

A

Increases metabolism by increasing the basal metabolic rate

100
Q

where is calcitonin produced and secreted?

A

thyroid

101
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

reduces blood calcium levels by causing bones to store calcium

102
Q

where is parathyroid hormone produced and secreted?

A

parathyroid

103
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increases calcium levels in the blood by causing the bones to release calcium, the kidneys to reabsorb calcium, and the intestines to absorb calcium.

104
Q

where is insulin produced and secreted?

A

pancreas

105
Q

what does insulin do?

A

it is secreted when blood glucose is too high and it causes cells to increase glucose uptake, which lowers the blood glucose levels

106
Q

where is glucagon produced and secreted?

A

pancreas

107
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

it is secreted when blood glucose is too low and it causes the liver to release glucose into the blood raising the blood glucose levels

108
Q

where is cortisol produced and secreted

A

adrenal cortex

109
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

increases glucose levels and inhibits inflammation

110
Q

where is aldosterone produced and secreted?

A

adrenal cortex

111
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

regulates ion balance of sodium and potassium, causes uptake of sodium and water - urine output decreases and blood volume and pressure increases

112
Q

where are androgens produced and secreted

A

adrenal cortex

113
Q

what do androgens do?

A

insignificant in males but in females it is responsible for sex drive

114
Q

where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced and secreted?

A

adrenal medulla

115
Q

what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

causes flight or fight response - dilates pupils, increases heart rate and increases breathing

116
Q

where are estrogen and progesterone produced and secreted from?

A

ovaries

117
Q

what do estrogen and progesterone do?

A

regulates menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy, and responsible for female body shape

118
Q

where is testosterone produced and secreted?

A

testes

119
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

regulates sperm production and is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics

120
Q

where is melatonin produced and secreted?

A

pineal gland

121
Q

what does melatonin do?

A

Important in regulating daily rhythms such as sleep

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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