Chapter 12 Flashcards
the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.
sensation
why do we need sensation
lets us know information we need for survival, every aspect of our body is driven by sensation in someway.
a change in the environment creates which requirement for sensation?
stimulus - it is the first step a stimulus much sense that a change in the environment has occurred
transforming a stimulus into an action potential is which requirement for sensation?
sensory receptor - the second step in a stimulus is transforming a detected stimulus into an action potential
an action potential be conducted is which requirement for sensation?
pathway - the third step in a stimulus is conducting the action potential created by the sensory receptor along a pathway to the brain
the brain receiving the impulse and responding with sensation is which requirement for sensation?
integrate - the fourth step in a stimulus is an area of the brain receiving the impulse from the stimulus and integrating the response into a sensation.
name the four steps of required criteria to sense something
stimulus
sensory receptor
pathway
integrate
how many types of receptors are they and what are they classified based off of?
there are 6 classes and they are classified based on what type of stimulus they are detecting
this type of receptor detects temperature changes - hot/cold
thermoreceptors
this type of receptor responds to physical changes such as pressure, touch, vibration, etc.
mechanoreceptors
this type of receptor detects light changes
photoreceptors
this type of receptor detects pain
nociceptors
this type of receptor detects changes in chemical concentrations and is responsible for taste and smell
chemoreceptors
this type of receptor detects changes in blood and other organs
osmoreceptors
detection of external stimuli or body position on the surface or near the surface of skin is known as what?
somatic sensation aka general sensation
what types of sensation are included in somatic sensation?
touch/tactile
pain
temperature
proprioception/stretch
the nerves responsible for sensing pain heat and cold are called what?
free nerve endings
the nerves responsible for sensing strong pressure are called what?
Pacinian corpuscles
the nerves responsible for sensing light touch are called what?
Meissner’s corpuscles
these nerves are located near the surface of the skin and are encapsulated (in connective tissue) receptors; these receptors adapt to stimuli
Meissner’s corpuscles
these nerves are not covered in connective tissue they are free nerve endings and are the reason why it hurts to remove hair or have it snagged or pulled; these receptors adapt to stimuli
hair root plexus
sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area and in deeper tissues is called what?
pressure
located much deeper in your tissues and encapsulated receptor called what s responsible for sensing pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
thermal sensations are sensed by what?
free nerve endings
what two sensations can free nerve endings sense independently?
cold and warmth
temperatures between 10-40 degrees Celsius activate which receptors and where are they located?
cold receptors and they are located in the epidermis
temperatures between 32-48 degrees Celsius activate which receptors and where are they located?
warm receptors and they are located In the dermis
what receptors are activated when temperatures are below 10 degrees or above 48 degrees Celsius?
nociceptors - pain receptors
these type of receptors are activated when tissue is damaged what are they called and what type are they
nociceptors and they are free nerve endings
where are nociceptors found in the body?
everywhere except in the brain
do nociceptors adapt? why or why not?
no they do not adapt we need nociceptors to work as they do to avoid causing damage that is non-repairable
how do pain relievers work?
pain relievers block chemicals that damaged tissue releases so therefore the pain receptor is either never activated or the activation is less than normal
pain that arises in one region of the body but is felt elsewhere is known as what?
referred pain
pain in the left arm and neck could be associated with what
heart attach
pain in the shoulder and upper neck could be associated with what
lung problems
pain in the upper shoulder areas and below the right rib cage could be associated with what
liver or gallbladder
these sensation let us know where our head/limbs are located and moving in space even when we cannot see them, what are they called?
proprioceptive sensations
these receptors are located in tendons and skeletal muscle
proprioceptors
these 5 senses are all found in the head, the receptors are housed n complex sensory structures
special senses and they include: vision - eyes hearing - ears equilibrium or balance - ears olfaction or smell - nose gustation or taste - mouth and nose
the sense of smell which detects chemicals in the air that are absorbed in the mucus lining of our nasal passages is known as what
olfactory
what type of receptor is olfactory
chemoreceptor
how do we smell?
chemicals that are absorbed in the mucus in nasal passages bind to a receptor sending an impulse to the temporal lobe of the brain … only sense that does not go through the thalamus first
what is the name given for the sense of taste
gustation
what is the receptor type for gustation
chemoreceptor
what is the actual receptor for gustation
taste buds
what are the five tastes?
salty sweet umami (savory) sour bitter
how do we taste?
chemicals are dissolved in saliva and activate the taste buds which send impulses to the thalamus and then the thalamus routes them to the parietal lobe of the brain
a group of several muscles that move the eyeball are called what
extrinsic eye muscles
the group of structures that produce and drain tears are referred to as what
lacrimal apparatus
tears are produced in the what
lacrimal gland
tears drain from the eye via what
nasolacrimal duct
what are the names of the three layers of the eye
fibrous layer
vascular layer
retina or neural layer
the tough outer layer of the eye is called what
the fibrous layer
what two eye structures are included in the fibrous layer?
sclera and cornea
the middle layer that is filled with lots of blood vessels is called what
vascular layer
what five eye structures are included in the vascular layer
iris ciliary body choroid lens pupil
the innermost layer of the eyeball is called what
retina or neural layer
the retina or pigmented layer is divided into what two layers
the neural layer (innermost) and
the pigmented layer
white opaque part of the eye that does not allow light to pass through is called what
sclera
what does the sclera do
gives shape to the eye
the transparent portion of the eye that allows light to pass through is called what
cornea
in the back part of your eye this structure is full of blood vessels and pigments and makes they eye dark
choroid
surrounding the lens in a circular way this eye structure contains smooth muscle that changes the shape of the lens
ciliary body
behind the pupil and iris; this eye structure focuses light onto the retina
lens
this colored smooth muscle controls the opening of the pupil bigger for less light and smaller in bright light
iris
this hole in the iris; changes shape by contractions of the iris
pupil
what happens to the pupil as circular muscles of the iris contract and what kind of response is this
the pupil constricts and this is a parasympathetic response to bright light
what happens to the pupil as radial muscles of the iris contract and what kind of response is this
the pupil dilates and this is a sympathetic response to dim light
which layer of the retina contains sensory receptors
neural layer
which layer of the retina absorbs stray light rays
pigmented layer
what are the two different types of photoreceptors
rods and cones
these detect black and white vision in dim light and are the most numerous
rods
these detect color vision in high light and also create the sharpest vision
cones
where are the cones found in the eye
located in the fovea centralis which is within the macula lutea (yellow spot)
this eye structure is a fluid-filled chamber in the front of the eye; the fluid is very watery, is constantly replenishing and its role is to bring nutrients to the eye and helps maintain the eye’s shape
aqueous humor
this eye structure is a fluid-filled chamber in the back of the eye; the fluid has a gel-like consistency and its job is to hold the retina against the back of the eye; this fluid does not constantly replenish
vitreous humor
the term used for changing the shape of the lens to focus objects
accommodation
which two eye structures are mostly responsible for accommodation?
cornea and lens
what muscles are used to change the lens
smooth muscle of the ciliary body
where does the light entering they eye need to hit directly in order to have clear vision
on the retina
describe the shape of the lens and the purpose of this shape when looking at close objects
lens is rounded
this bends the light more, allowing it to land exactly on the retina
describe the shape of the lens and the purpose of this shape when looking at far objects
lens is flat, this doesn’t bend the light at much, so it lands properly on the retina
bending of light as light changes angles as it moves from one medium to another such as air to liquid is known as what
refraction
what are the 4 bends or areas of refraction in the eye
cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous humor
when light first goes from the air to solid where does it bend
cornea
when the light moved from the solid of the cornea back to liquid where does it bend
aqueous humor
when the light moves from the liquid of aqueous humor back to a solid where does it bend
lens - most bend
when the light moves from the solid lens back to a semi-solid where does it bend
vitreous humor
what is the term given for normal vision; where the light rays hit the retina perfectly
emmetropia
the term for nearsighted; close objects are clear, far objects are blurry
myopia
what is the problem and solution for myopia
problem is that light is being overbent and so the light is focused in front of the retina instead of directly on the retina
solution is a concave lens that causes the light to bend less
the term for farsighted; close objects are blurry but far objects are clear
hyperopia
what is the problem and solution for hyperopia
problem is that light is being underbent and so the light is focusing behind the retina instead of directly on the retina
solution is a convex lens that causes the light to bend more
a visual problem that decreases the ability of the lens to accommodate and focus on very close objects that occurs as we age is known as what
presbyopia
a visual problem that is caused by irregularities in the curvature of the cornea or lens that leads to part of an image being blurry because you get multiple focal points is called what
astigmatism
what are the three steps in the vision pathway
1 - photoreceptors are stimulated
2. nerve impulses travel through the neural layer of the retina and exit the eye via the optic nerve
3 - optic nerve crosses and heads to the occipital lobe
which step in the pathway of vision is:
nerve impulses travel through the neural layer of the retina and exit the eye via the optic nerve
step 2 in the pathway
which step in the pathway of vision is:
photoreceptors are stimulated
step 1 in the pathway
which step in the pathway of vision is:
optic nerve crosses and heads to the occipital lobe
step 3 in the pathway
what is the name given to the area where the optic nerves combine and exit the back of the eye
optic disc - aka blind spot
what is the term given for when the right side of the brain receives information from the left field of vision from each eye and the left side of the brain receives information from the right field of vision from each eye
contra-lateral visual processing
partial crossing of each eye gives you a cross reference known as what
3-D view
this part of the ear (as a whole unit) collects sound waves and channels them inward
external ear
this part of the ear (as a whole unit) conveys sound vibrations to the inner ear
middle ear
this part of the ear (as a whole unit) holds the receptors for hearing and equilibrium; turns vibrations into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain
inner ear
this part of the external ear gathers and funnels sound waves into the ear
auricle
this part of the external ear directs sound waves from the auricle to the ear drum
external auditory canal
this part of the external ear turns the sound waves into vibrations causing the bones of the internal ear to move
tympanic membrane aka ear drum
this part of the middle ear connects the middle ear to the back of the throat; is a common site for ear infections because it is how microbe get into the middle ear
auditory or Eustachian tube
this part of the middle ear helps transmit vibrations into the inner ear (there are three of them)
Ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
this part of the inner ear is responsible for static equilibrium
vestibule
this part of the inner ear is responsible for dynamic equilibrium
semicircular canals
this part of the inner ear is responsible for hearing
cochlea
this part of the inner ear is the entrance into the inner ear
oval window
this is the term for the function that monitors where the head is or your body position relative to space; it is detected by the semicircular canals and the vestibule
equilibrium
the receptors in the semicircular canals that have hair cells that are receptors is called what
cristae
the receptors in the vestibule are called what
macula
the name for rotational acceleration/deceleration or spinning that is perceived by the semicircular canals
dynamic equilibrium - spinning
the name for the linear acceleration/deceleration felt when riding on an elevator or in a car that is perceived by the vestibule
static equilibrium - forward/backward acceleration or deceleration
there are three steps in how equilibrium is detected what are they
1 - fluid in the semicircular canals or vestibule moves when the head moves
2 - the fluid moves over specialized mechanoreceptors (macula, cristae) in those regions
3 - the impulse message goes to the thalamus which then sends an impulse to the cerebellum
which step in detecting equilibrium Is this:
the impulse message goes to the thalamus which then sends an impulse to the cerebellum
step 3
which step in detecting equilibrium Is this:
fluid in the semicircular canals or vestibule moves when the head moves
step 1
which step in detecting equilibrium Is this:
the fluid moves over specialized mechanoreceptors (macula, cristae) in those regions
step 2
this structure is 3 fluid-filled chambers that are sensitive to vibrations from soundwaves
cochlea
what is the name of the ear structure that actually houses the receptors (the hair cells between compartments)
Organ of Corti
what type of receptor is the cochlea
mechanoreceptor
what are the 6 steps in the process of hearing?
1 - sound waves enter the ear via the auricle
2 - sound waves moved down the external auditory canal to the ear drum
3 - the ear drum turns the sound waves into vibrations which travel through the middle ear via the ossicles
4 - sound vibrations enter the inner ear via the oval window
5 - these vibrations move fluid in the cochlea, which moves the membranes and hair cells of the Organ of Corti creating action potentials
6 - nerve impulses travel to the thalamus and then to the temporal lobe of the brain.
what are the two types of hearing loss?
conductive hearing loss
sensorineural hearing loss
this type of hearing loss is when something physically blocks the pathway of sound to the inner ear; too much earwax, ear infection; or damage to the ossicles or muscles and nerves that hold them in place
conductive hearing loss
this type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the hair cells in the cochlea which are a type of neuron that does not repair; usually due to environmental exposure like listening to music too loud or driving with the window down
sensorineural hearing loss
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobe of the brain receives gustatory impulses. a - temporal b - occipital c - parietal d - frontal
c - parietal
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ receptors are located in the nasal cavity and detect chemicals in the air. a - Gustatory b - Optic c - Olfactory d - Equilibrium
c - Olfactory
All of the following are components of the external ear EXCEPT the a - external auditory canal. b - auricle. c - eustachian tube. d - tympanic membrane.
c - eustachian tube.
Which of the following belongs to the vascular tunic of the eye? a - sclera b - optic disc c retina d - iris e - cornea
d - iris
True or False
Meissner’s corpuscles are encapsulated touch receptors in the skin.
true
Which visual impairment is corrected by concave lenses? a - astigmatism b - hyperopia c - presbyopia d - myopia
d - myopia
The inability to clearly see near objects is called a - nearsightedness. b - astigmatism. c - hyperopia. d - myopia.
c - hyperopia.
True or False
Conductive hearing loss involves damage to the hair cells in the cochlea.
False that is sensorineural hearing loss
Which structure of the eye is primarily responsible for holding the retina in place? a - ciliary body b - vitreous humor c - cornea d - aqueous humor
b - vitreous humor
Pressure receptors that consist of a large oval-shaped, multilayered connective tissue capsule that encloses a dendrite are called a - hair root plexuses. b - Meissner corpuscles. c - Pacinian corpuscles. d - Ruffini corpuscles.
c - Pacinian corpuscles.
