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Biology 5 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.

A

sensation

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2
Q

why do we need sensation

A

lets us know information we need for survival, every aspect of our body is driven by sensation in someway.

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3
Q

a change in the environment creates which requirement for sensation?

A

stimulus - it is the first step a stimulus much sense that a change in the environment has occurred

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4
Q

transforming a stimulus into an action potential is which requirement for sensation?

A

sensory receptor - the second step in a stimulus is transforming a detected stimulus into an action potential

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5
Q

an action potential be conducted is which requirement for sensation?

A

pathway - the third step in a stimulus is conducting the action potential created by the sensory receptor along a pathway to the brain

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6
Q

the brain receiving the impulse and responding with sensation is which requirement for sensation?

A

integrate - the fourth step in a stimulus is an area of the brain receiving the impulse from the stimulus and integrating the response into a sensation.

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7
Q

name the four steps of required criteria to sense something

A

stimulus
sensory receptor
pathway
integrate

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8
Q

how many types of receptors are they and what are they classified based off of?

A

there are 6 classes and they are classified based on what type of stimulus they are detecting

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9
Q

this type of receptor detects temperature changes - hot/cold

A

thermoreceptors

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10
Q

this type of receptor responds to physical changes such as pressure, touch, vibration, etc.

A

mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

this type of receptor detects light changes

A

photoreceptors

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12
Q

this type of receptor detects pain

A

nociceptors

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13
Q

this type of receptor detects changes in chemical concentrations and is responsible for taste and smell

A

chemoreceptors

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14
Q

this type of receptor detects changes in blood and other organs

A

osmoreceptors

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15
Q

detection of external stimuli or body position on the surface or near the surface of skin is known as what?

A

somatic sensation aka general sensation

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16
Q

what types of sensation are included in somatic sensation?

A

touch/tactile
pain
temperature
proprioception/stretch

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17
Q

the nerves responsible for sensing pain heat and cold are called what?

A

free nerve endings

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18
Q

the nerves responsible for sensing strong pressure are called what?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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19
Q

the nerves responsible for sensing light touch are called what?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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20
Q

these nerves are located near the surface of the skin and are encapsulated (in connective tissue) receptors; these receptors adapt to stimuli

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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21
Q

these nerves are not covered in connective tissue they are free nerve endings and are the reason why it hurts to remove hair or have it snagged or pulled; these receptors adapt to stimuli

A

hair root plexus

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22
Q

sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area and in deeper tissues is called what?

A

pressure

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23
Q

located much deeper in your tissues and encapsulated receptor called what s responsible for sensing pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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24
Q

thermal sensations are sensed by what?

A

free nerve endings

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25
Q

what two sensations can free nerve endings sense independently?

A

cold and warmth

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26
Q

temperatures between 10-40 degrees Celsius activate which receptors and where are they located?

A

cold receptors and they are located in the epidermis

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27
Q

temperatures between 32-48 degrees Celsius activate which receptors and where are they located?

A

warm receptors and they are located In the dermis

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28
Q

what receptors are activated when temperatures are below 10 degrees or above 48 degrees Celsius?

A

nociceptors - pain receptors

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29
Q

these type of receptors are activated when tissue is damaged what are they called and what type are they

A

nociceptors and they are free nerve endings

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30
Q

where are nociceptors found in the body?

A

everywhere except in the brain

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31
Q

do nociceptors adapt? why or why not?

A

no they do not adapt we need nociceptors to work as they do to avoid causing damage that is non-repairable

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32
Q

how do pain relievers work?

A

pain relievers block chemicals that damaged tissue releases so therefore the pain receptor is either never activated or the activation is less than normal

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33
Q

pain that arises in one region of the body but is felt elsewhere is known as what?

A

referred pain

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34
Q

pain in the left arm and neck could be associated with what

A

heart attach

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35
Q

pain in the shoulder and upper neck could be associated with what

A

lung problems

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36
Q

pain in the upper shoulder areas and below the right rib cage could be associated with what

A

liver or gallbladder

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37
Q

these sensation let us know where our head/limbs are located and moving in space even when we cannot see them, what are they called?

A

proprioceptive sensations

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38
Q

these receptors are located in tendons and skeletal muscle

A

proprioceptors

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39
Q

these 5 senses are all found in the head, the receptors are housed n complex sensory structures

A 
special senses and they include:
vision - eyes
hearing - ears
equilibrium or balance - ears
olfaction or smell - nose
gustation or taste - mouth and nose
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40
Q

the sense of smell which detects chemicals in the air that are absorbed in the mucus lining of our nasal passages is known as what

A

olfactory

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41
Q

what type of receptor is olfactory

A

chemoreceptor

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42
Q

how do we smell?

A

chemicals that are absorbed in the mucus in nasal passages bind to a receptor sending an impulse to the temporal lobe of the brain … only sense that does not go through the thalamus first

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43
Q

what is the name given for the sense of taste

A

gustation

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44
Q

what is the receptor type for gustation

A

chemoreceptor

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45
Q

what is the actual receptor for gustation

A

taste buds

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46
Q

what are the five tastes?

A 
salty
sweet 
umami (savory)
sour 
bitter
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47
Q

how do we taste?

A

chemicals are dissolved in saliva and activate the taste buds which send impulses to the thalamus and then the thalamus routes them to the parietal lobe of the brain

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48
Q

a group of several muscles that move the eyeball are called what

A

extrinsic eye muscles

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49
Q

the group of structures that produce and drain tears are referred to as what

A

lacrimal apparatus

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50
Q

tears are produced in the what

A

lacrimal gland

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51
Q

tears drain from the eye via what

A

nasolacrimal duct

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52
Q

what are the names of the three layers of the eye

A

fibrous layer
vascular layer
retina or neural layer

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53
Q

the tough outer layer of the eye is called what

A

the fibrous layer

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54
Q

what two eye structures are included in the fibrous layer?

A

sclera and cornea

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55
Q

the middle layer that is filled with lots of blood vessels is called what

A

vascular layer

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56
Q

what five eye structures are included in the vascular layer

A 
iris
ciliary body
choroid
lens
pupil
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57
Q

the innermost layer of the eyeball is called what

A

retina or neural layer

58
Q

the retina or pigmented layer is divided into what two layers

A

the neural layer (innermost) and

the pigmented layer

59
Q

white opaque part of the eye that does not allow light to pass through is called what

A

sclera

60
Q

what does the sclera do

A

gives shape to the eye

61
Q

the transparent portion of the eye that allows light to pass through is called what

A

cornea

62
Q

in the back part of your eye this structure is full of blood vessels and pigments and makes they eye dark

A

choroid

63
Q

surrounding the lens in a circular way this eye structure contains smooth muscle that changes the shape of the lens

A

ciliary body

64
Q

behind the pupil and iris; this eye structure focuses light onto the retina

A

lens

65
Q

this colored smooth muscle controls the opening of the pupil bigger for less light and smaller in bright light

A

iris

66
Q

this hole in the iris; changes shape by contractions of the iris

A

pupil

67
Q

what happens to the pupil as circular muscles of the iris contract and what kind of response is this

A

the pupil constricts and this is a parasympathetic response to bright light

68
Q

what happens to the pupil as radial muscles of the iris contract and what kind of response is this

A

the pupil dilates and this is a sympathetic response to dim light

69
Q

which layer of the retina contains sensory receptors

A

neural layer

70
Q

which layer of the retina absorbs stray light rays

A

pigmented layer

71
Q

what are the two different types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

72
Q

these detect black and white vision in dim light and are the most numerous

A

rods

73
Q

these detect color vision in high light and also create the sharpest vision

A

cones

74
Q

where are the cones found in the eye

A

located in the fovea centralis which is within the macula lutea (yellow spot)

75
Q

this eye structure is a fluid-filled chamber in the front of the eye; the fluid is very watery, is constantly replenishing and its role is to bring nutrients to the eye and helps maintain the eye’s shape

A

aqueous humor

76
Q

this eye structure is a fluid-filled chamber in the back of the eye; the fluid has a gel-like consistency and its job is to hold the retina against the back of the eye; this fluid does not constantly replenish

A

vitreous humor

77
Q

the term used for changing the shape of the lens to focus objects

A

accommodation

78
Q

which two eye structures are mostly responsible for accommodation?

A

cornea and lens

79
Q

what muscles are used to change the lens

A

smooth muscle of the ciliary body

80
Q

where does the light entering they eye need to hit directly in order to have clear vision

A

on the retina

81
Q

describe the shape of the lens and the purpose of this shape when looking at close objects

A

lens is rounded

this bends the light more, allowing it to land exactly on the retina

82
Q

describe the shape of the lens and the purpose of this shape when looking at far objects

A

lens is flat, this doesn’t bend the light at much, so it lands properly on the retina

83
Q

bending of light as light changes angles as it moves from one medium to another such as air to liquid is known as what

A

refraction

84
Q

what are the 4 bends or areas of refraction in the eye

A

cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous humor

85
Q

when light first goes from the air to solid where does it bend

A

cornea

86
Q

when the light moved from the solid of the cornea back to liquid where does it bend

A

aqueous humor

87
Q

when the light moves from the liquid of aqueous humor back to a solid where does it bend

A

lens - most bend

88
Q

when the light moves from the solid lens back to a semi-solid where does it bend

A

vitreous humor

89
Q

what is the term given for normal vision; where the light rays hit the retina perfectly

A

emmetropia

90
Q

the term for nearsighted; close objects are clear, far objects are blurry

A

myopia

91
Q

what is the problem and solution for myopia

A

problem is that light is being overbent and so the light is focused in front of the retina instead of directly on the retina
solution is a concave lens that causes the light to bend less

92
Q

the term for farsighted; close objects are blurry but far objects are clear

A

hyperopia

93
Q

what is the problem and solution for hyperopia

A

problem is that light is being underbent and so the light is focusing behind the retina instead of directly on the retina
solution is a convex lens that causes the light to bend more

94
Q

a visual problem that decreases the ability of the lens to accommodate and focus on very close objects that occurs as we age is known as what

A

presbyopia

95
Q

a visual problem that is caused by irregularities in the curvature of the cornea or lens that leads to part of an image being blurry because you get multiple focal points is called what

A

astigmatism

96
Q

what are the three steps in the vision pathway

A

1 - photoreceptors are stimulated
2. nerve impulses travel through the neural layer of the retina and exit the eye via the optic nerve
3 - optic nerve crosses and heads to the occipital lobe

97
Q

which step in the pathway of vision is:

nerve impulses travel through the neural layer of the retina and exit the eye via the optic nerve

A

step 2 in the pathway

98
Q

which step in the pathway of vision is:

photoreceptors are stimulated

A

step 1 in the pathway

99
Q

which step in the pathway of vision is:

optic nerve crosses and heads to the occipital lobe

A

step 3 in the pathway

100
Q

what is the name given to the area where the optic nerves combine and exit the back of the eye

A

optic disc - aka blind spot

101
Q

what is the term given for when the right side of the brain receives information from the left field of vision from each eye and the left side of the brain receives information from the right field of vision from each eye

A

contra-lateral visual processing

102
Q

partial crossing of each eye gives you a cross reference known as what

A

3-D view

103
Q

this part of the ear (as a whole unit) collects sound waves and channels them inward

A

external ear

104
Q

this part of the ear (as a whole unit) conveys sound vibrations to the inner ear

A

middle ear

105
Q

this part of the ear (as a whole unit) holds the receptors for hearing and equilibrium; turns vibrations into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain

A

inner ear

106
Q

this part of the external ear gathers and funnels sound waves into the ear

A

auricle

107
Q

this part of the external ear directs sound waves from the auricle to the ear drum

A

external auditory canal

108
Q

this part of the external ear turns the sound waves into vibrations causing the bones of the internal ear to move

A

tympanic membrane aka ear drum

109
Q

this part of the middle ear connects the middle ear to the back of the throat; is a common site for ear infections because it is how microbe get into the middle ear

A

auditory or Eustachian tube

110
Q

this part of the middle ear helps transmit vibrations into the inner ear (there are three of them)

A

Ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes

111
Q

this part of the inner ear is responsible for static equilibrium

A

vestibule

112
Q

this part of the inner ear is responsible for dynamic equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

113
Q

this part of the inner ear is responsible for hearing

A

cochlea

114
Q

this part of the inner ear is the entrance into the inner ear

A

oval window

115
Q

this is the term for the function that monitors where the head is or your body position relative to space; it is detected by the semicircular canals and the vestibule

A

equilibrium

116
Q

the receptors in the semicircular canals that have hair cells that are receptors is called what

A

cristae

117
Q

the receptors in the vestibule are called what

A

macula

118
Q

the name for rotational acceleration/deceleration or spinning that is perceived by the semicircular canals

A

dynamic equilibrium - spinning

119
Q

the name for the linear acceleration/deceleration felt when riding on an elevator or in a car that is perceived by the vestibule

A

static equilibrium - forward/backward acceleration or deceleration

120
Q

there are three steps in how equilibrium is detected what are they

A

1 - fluid in the semicircular canals or vestibule moves when the head moves
2 - the fluid moves over specialized mechanoreceptors (macula, cristae) in those regions
3 - the impulse message goes to the thalamus which then sends an impulse to the cerebellum

121
Q

which step in detecting equilibrium Is this:

the impulse message goes to the thalamus which then sends an impulse to the cerebellum

A

step 3

122
Q

which step in detecting equilibrium Is this:

fluid in the semicircular canals or vestibule moves when the head moves

A

step 1

123
Q

which step in detecting equilibrium Is this:

the fluid moves over specialized mechanoreceptors (macula, cristae) in those regions

A

step 2

124
Q

this structure is 3 fluid-filled chambers that are sensitive to vibrations from soundwaves

A

cochlea

125
Q

what is the name of the ear structure that actually houses the receptors (the hair cells between compartments)

A

Organ of Corti

126
Q

what type of receptor is the cochlea

A

mechanoreceptor

127
Q

what are the 6 steps in the process of hearing?

A

1 - sound waves enter the ear via the auricle
2 - sound waves moved down the external auditory canal to the ear drum
3 - the ear drum turns the sound waves into vibrations which travel through the middle ear via the ossicles
4 - sound vibrations enter the inner ear via the oval window
5 - these vibrations move fluid in the cochlea, which moves the membranes and hair cells of the Organ of Corti creating action potentials
6 - nerve impulses travel to the thalamus and then to the temporal lobe of the brain.

128
Q

what are the two types of hearing loss?

A

conductive hearing loss

sensorineural hearing loss

129
Q

this type of hearing loss is when something physically blocks the pathway of sound to the inner ear; too much earwax, ear infection; or damage to the ossicles or muscles and nerves that hold them in place

A

conductive hearing loss

130
Q

this type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the hair cells in the cochlea which are a type of neuron that does not repair; usually due to environmental exposure like listening to music too loud or driving with the window down

A

sensorineural hearing loss

131
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobe of the brain receives gustatory impulses.
a - temporal
b - occipital
c - parietal
d - frontal
A

c - parietal

132
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ receptors are located in the nasal cavity and detect chemicals in the air.
a - Gustatory
b - Optic
c - Olfactory
d - Equilibrium
A

c - Olfactory

133
Q 
All of the following are components of the external ear EXCEPT the
a - external auditory canal.
b - auricle.
c - eustachian tube.
d - tympanic membrane.
A

c - eustachian tube.

134
Q 
Which of the following belongs to the vascular tunic of the eye?
a - sclera
b - optic disc
c  retina
d - iris
e - cornea
A

d - iris

135
Q

True or False

Meissner’s corpuscles are encapsulated touch receptors in the skin.

A

true

136
Q 
Which visual impairment is corrected by concave lenses?
a - astigmatism
b - hyperopia
c - presbyopia
d - myopia
A

d - myopia

137
Q 
The inability to clearly see near objects is called
a - nearsightedness.
b - astigmatism.
c - hyperopia.
d - myopia.
A

c - hyperopia.

138
Q

True or False

Conductive hearing loss involves damage to the hair cells in the cochlea.

A

False that is sensorineural hearing loss

139
Q 
Which structure of the eye is primarily responsible for holding the retina in place?
a - ciliary body
b - vitreous humor
c - cornea
d - aqueous humor
A

b - vitreous humor

140
Q 
Pressure receptors that consist of a large oval-shaped, multilayered connective tissue capsule that encloses a dendrite are called
a - hair root plexuses.
b - Meissner corpuscles.
c - Pacinian corpuscles.
d - Ruffini corpuscles.
A

c - Pacinian corpuscles.

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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