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Biology 5 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

outer part of the cell which separates the cell’s internal environment from its external environment

A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

inside of the cell which contains the intracellular fluid and all the organelles embedded in it

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

most prominent part of the cell, houses the DNA and is the control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

another term for the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

plasma membrane consists of three things

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
proteins

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6
Q

why do we use the fluid mosaic model to describe the plasma membrane

A

because it is not a ridged structure, it’s very fluid - the proteins move around in the membrane.

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7
Q

why is the plasma membrane called a bi-layer

A

it has two layers the outside is Phospho which is hydrophilic meaning it loves water and lipid layer on the inside is hydrophobic meaning it is scared of water.

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8
Q

what are the three main components of the cell

A

plasma membrane - (outer) separates internal from external
cytoplasm- contains cytosol the intracellular fluid and all the organelles embedded in it
nucleus - which houses the DNA and is the control center of the cell

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9
Q

describe the two body fluid types in the body

A

intracellular fluid - found inside the cell called cytosol
extracellular fluid - found outside the cell and includes:
cerebrospinal fluid
plasma
and lymph - found in lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

what are the proteins of the plasma membrane

A

integral proteins
peripheral proteins
glycoproteins

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11
Q

these proteins extend into the plasma membrane

A

Integral proteins

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12
Q

these proteins are found on the surface of the plasma membrane

A

peripheral proteins

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13
Q

these proteins have one or move carbohydrates attached

A

Glycoproteins

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14
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

to provide a boundary between internal and external environment.
It is selectively permeable - so the membrane selects what can and cannot pass through the membrane.
it has cell recognition
and it can communicate through receptors that receive communication and cell binding which binds tissues together

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15
Q

what are the three ways to move things through the plasma membrane

A

passive transport
active transport
vesicular transport

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16
Q

what are the three types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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17
Q

this type of transport requires no energy but does require a concentration gradient.

A

simple diffusion

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18
Q

movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

simple diffusion

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19
Q

list three examples of things that move through simple diffusion

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide CO2
urea

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20
Q

this type of transport is highly selective and uses channel or carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

diffusion that needs help from a transport protein; is used to regulate flow of ions and glucose

A

facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

give two examples of things that move through facilitated diffusion

A

ions

glucose

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23
Q

This type of transport uses energy to pump substances across the membrane against its concentration gradient

A

active transport

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24
Q

what is a type of active transport

A

sodium potassium pump maintains ion balance of sodium (NA+) and potassium (k+) in the cell

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25
Q

movement of substances from out of the cell into the cell via vesicles

A

endocytosis

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26
Q

movement of substances from inside the cell out of the cell via vesicles

A

exocytosis

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27
Q

water moving from an area of high solutes to an area of low solutes

A

osmosis

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28
Q

only refers to a net diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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29
Q

give an example of osmosis

A

the movement of water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid and vice versa

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30
Q

specialized cells that engulf and destroy bacteria

A

phagocytes

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31
Q

“cell eating” large solid particles such as bacteria or viruses or aged or dead cells are taken in by the cell

A

phagocytosis

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32
Q

“cell drinking” cells take up the droplets of extracellular fluid. occurs in most body cells and takes in any and all solutes dissolved in the extracellular fluid

A

pinocytosis

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33
Q

is vesicular transport active or passive

A

it requires energy so it is active

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34
Q

a solution with a high concentration of water and a low concentration of solutes,

A

hypotonic

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35
Q

the fate of a cell placed in a hypotonic solution

A

it will swell or expand and could possibly burst in blood cells this is called hemolysis

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36
Q

a solution with the same concentration of water and solutes

A

isotonic

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37
Q

what happens to a cell placed in a isotonic solution

A

it stays the same

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38
Q

a solution with a low concentration of water and a high concentration of solutes,

A

hypertonic

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39
Q

what happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution

A

shrinks or crenates

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40
Q

Small and non-polar molecules like oxygen co2 and urea use this type of transport

A

simple diffusion

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41
Q

Large, polar or charged molecules that need the help of a transport protein such as a channel protein or a carrier protein use this type of transport

A

facilitated diffusion

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42
Q

what is the difference between a channel protein and a carrier protein?

A

a channel protein make a channel that the molecule can move through and a carrier protein is like a revolving door it loads up with molecules on one side and moves through and then discards the molecules on the other side.

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43
Q

the most important transport protein in the body is

A

the sodium potassium pump because it maintains the ion balance of the sodium and potassium

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44
Q

the fluid inside of the cell that is 75-90% water and the remainder is organelles, nutrients, ions, gasses, wastes and inclusions.

A

Cytosol

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45
Q

The site of chemical reactions in the cell

A

Cytosol

46
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

47
Q

concentrated at the periphery of the cell and contribute to the cells strength and shape. providing mechanical support and helping generate movement and also provide support for microvilli.

A

microfilaments

48
Q

microscopic fingerlike projections supported by the microfilament, involved in muscle contraction, cell division and cell locomotion.

A

microvilli

49
Q

thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules, found in parts of cells subject to tension, they help hold organelles such as the nucleus in place and help attach cells to one another

A

intermediate filaments

50
Q

the largest of the cytoskeletal components are long hollow tubes that help determine cell shape and function in both movement of organelles, such as secretory vesicles, within a cell and the migration of chromosomes during cell division. They are also responsible for movements of cilia and flagella.

A

microtubules

51
Q

the rod like structures near the nucleus that create the mitotic spindle on the centromere during cell division

A

centrosomes

52
Q

numerous short hair-like structures that move in a brushing motion

A

cilia

53
Q

where is the cilia located

A

airways and uterine

54
Q

long tail like structures that have a whip-like movement for locomotion

A

flagella

55
Q

what is the only example of flagella in the human body

A

sperm

56
Q

the organelle that is the site of ATP synthesis

A

mitochondria

57
Q

the organelle that destroys old organelles / pathogens with acids or digestive enzymes

A

lysosome

58
Q

the organelle that sorts, modifies, and packages proteins

A

Golgi aparatus

59
Q

the organelle that is made of RNA and assembles or manufactures amino acids into proteins

A

ribosome

60
Q

the organelle that is the site of lipid synthesis and detoxification

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

61
Q

the organelle that produces the mitotic spindle during mitosis

A

centrosome

62
Q

the organelle that degrades fatty acids and toxic foreign material

A

peroxisome

63
Q

the organelle that is the site of protein synthesis and modification

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes

A

free ribosomes

fixed ribosomes

65
Q

which ribosome produces proteins for immediate use

A

free ribosomes

66
Q

which ribosome produces proteins for secretion and are attached to an organelle (the rough ER)

A

fixed ribosomes

67
Q

the two membranous system that is contiguous (next to or touching) with the nuclear membrane

A

rough and smooth ER

68
Q

studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins to be secreted and for the plasma membrane

A

rough ER

69
Q

lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, and some hormones; involved in detoxification, high concentration in the liver

A

smooth ER

70
Q

made up of chromosomes and chromatin, has both a double layer membrane and pores or holes that allow passage of RNA but not DNA

A

nucleus

71
Q

located inside the nucleus and is the site of ribosome synthesis

A

nucleolus

72
Q

how do chromosomes differ from chromatin

A

chromosomes are where the genes are contained, there are 46 individual chromosomes when the cell is dividing that line up during metaphase in mitosis, when a cell is not dividing they form a ball or mass of the those 46 chromosomes and that is called chromatin

73
Q

“the post office of the cell” packages and sends off materials in vesicles

A

Golgi Aparatus

74
Q

two vesicles that contain powerful enzymes that could damage the cell

A

peroxisomes

lysosomes

75
Q

contain oxidative enzymes, involved in metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids and detoxification, come contain catalase to breakdown hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

76
Q

contains digestive enzymes used for destroying bacteria, and large solutes, involved in autolysis and apoptosis.

A

lysosomes

77
Q

the “powerhouse” of the cell, site of ATP synthesis, has a double membrane, initiates apoptosis, contains DNA and self replicate

A

mitochondria

78
Q

this part of the mitochondria increases surface area for reactions

A

cristae

79
Q

________ or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, double stranded molecule that is spiraled like a staircase, each step of the staircase is made of a molecule called a _________.

A

DNA / nucleotide

80
Q

composed of a sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base. Phosphates lie on the outside of the molecule and the nitrogenous base are in the middle of the molecule.

A

Nucleotides

81
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA and how do they pair, also what is this pairing called?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

A&T, C&G, complimentary base pairing

82
Q

_______, or ribonucleic acid, is another nucleic acid and is synthesized from DNA.

A

RNA

83
Q

This nucleic acids jobs is to create proteins, which in turn can have a structural or functional role in the body.

A

RNA

84
Q

Define the three steps of transcription

A

1>starts at the promoter (which signals the gene that it needs to be copied)
2>RNA nucleotides bind to their complimentary DNA pairs (A&T, U&A, C&G) via RNA polymerase.
3>The mRNA transcript is released from the DNA at the terminator.

85
Q

This is the process of converting the DNA message into an RNA message known as mRNA or messenger RNA, analogous to you copying your biology notes from the PowerPoint into your handwriting.

A

Transcription

86
Q

This is the process of turning the RNA message into a protein, the sequence of RNA determines the protein that is made, like turning a paper that is written in Japanese to one that is written in English

A

Translation

87
Q

where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleus

88
Q

where does translation occur

A

in the cytoplasm on the ribosome

89
Q

a sequence of 3 nucleotides that encodes a particular amino acid,

A

Codon

90
Q

The order in which the codons are arrange dictates the ________ formed.

A

protein

91
Q

what are the steps of translation?

A

1>tRNA binds to the start codon
2>the ribosome assembles
3>another tRNA pairs with the next codon
4>The two amino acids are linked together via a peptide bond
5>the first tRNA leaves the ribosome while the second shifts over to make room for the next tRNA
steps 3-5 repeat until…
6>protein synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches the stop codon, at which time the completed protein detaches from the final tRNA.

92
Q

what type of bond link amino acids together during translation?

A

a peptide bond

93
Q

what happens during the first growth phase of interphase

A

the cell grows and performs its daily functions

94
Q

what happens during the synthesis phase of interphase

A

DNA replication occurs

95
Q

what happens during the second growth phase of interphase

A

final preparation for mitosis

96
Q

describe the makeup of tRNA or the translator RNA

A

one end contains the Anticodon, the complimentary sequence of the mRNA, this matches up with
The other end which carries a specific amino acid

97
Q

what are the three differences between transcription and translation?

A

Location
starting materials
products

98
Q

what is the location, starting materials, and products in transcription?

A

location > nucleus
Materials > DNA
Product > RNA

99
Q

what is the location, starting materials, and products in transcription?

A

Location > Ribosome
Materials > RNA
Product > Protein

100
Q

The division of the cell, specifically the nucleus, which has 4 phases.

A

mitosis

101
Q

what are the 4 phases

A

prophase “preparation”
metaphase “middle”
anaphase “apart”
telophase “together”

102
Q

chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down, and nucleoli disappear, mitotic spindle forms and attaches to the centromere of the chromosomes and maneuvers the chromosomes during mitosis.

A

prophase

103
Q

chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate , ensures that the chromosomes will be evenly and properly divided amongst the two daughter cells

A

metaphase

104
Q

the sister chromatids are separated, and move to opposite ends of the poles.

A

anaphase

105
Q

the nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes unwind back into chromatin and nucleoli reappears

A

telophase

106
Q

one half of a chromosome, an exact copy of DNA

A

sister chromatid

107
Q

Center of the chromosome where the mitotic spindle attaches.

A

centromere

108
Q

made up of microtubules, attaches to the centromere, and maneuvers the chromosomes during mitosis (prophase)

A

mitotic spindle

109
Q

the name of the site where the chromosomes line up during metaphase

A

metaphase plate

110
Q

division of the cytoplasm, begins toward the ends of mitosis in telophase

A

cytokinesis

111
Q

_________ forms, microfilaments form a contractile ring that pinches the cell in half, always perpendicular to the mitotic spindle during _________.

A

cleavage furrow / cytokinesis

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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