CHap 4&5 (Lab) Flashcards
the cell’s flexible outer surface that separates the cell’s internal environment from its external environment.
The Plasma Membrane
regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell and maintains the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities.
The Plasma Membrane
provides a structural framework for the cell and generates movements.
cytoskeleton
what are the three parts of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
located near the nucleus and is the organizing center for growth of the mitotic spindle, which plays a critical role in cell division.
Centrosome
The sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
a network of folded membranes of flattened tubules
Endoplasmic reticulum
what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER and Smooth ER
extends from the nuclear envelope and is studded with ribosomes. The function is to synthesize proteins.
Rough ER which is studded with ribosomes.
extends from the rough ER and does not have ribosomes. Makes fatty acids and steroids.
Smooth ER
Proteins synthesized on the rough ER need to e processed and directed to correct locations. The first step is through the ________ ___________.
Golgi Complex
Modifies and packages proteins and then sorts them into vesicles (pinched off pieces of membrane).
Golgi Complex
what are the three packages of proteins that come out of the Golgi Complex?
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, and Proteasomes
membrane enclosed vesicles that may contain digestive enzymes.
lysosomes
contains several oxidases (detoxifying) enzymes, that can oxidize various organic substances.
peroxisomes
continuously break down or destroy unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins.
proteasomes
The site of most ATP (energy) production. The powerhouse of a cell.
mitochondria
a series of inner folds in the mitochondria
mitochondrial cristae
a large central fluid-filled cavity in the mitochondria
mitochondrial matrix
A spherical or oval structure that usually is the most prominent feature of a cell and contains genetic material (DNA) which are the instructions for carrying out all of the cell’s processes.
nucleus
cluster of protein, DNA, and RNA and are the sites of assembly (makes them) of the ribosomes (proteins).
Nucleolus
Most body cells have a single ________ with the exception of skeletal which have a lot and blood cells which have none.
nucleus
purpose is to divide cell into two identical cells or make new cells.
mitosis
during this phase the cell copies genetic material (chromosomes) and prepares for division, this happens before the four stages of mitosis.
Interphase
What are the four phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
overlapping with the last phase (telophase) and continuing after is this ________ (cell splitting)
Cytokinesis
how many chromosomes do human bodies have.
46
one half of a duplicated chromosome
sister chromatid
center of the chromosome where the mitotic spindle attaches.
centromere
the preparation phase or “making the ball” in which the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and nucleoli disappear.
prophase (the ball of “yarn” or the 46 chromosomes)
what is the “ball” that forms called during prophase, its job is to maneuver the chromosomes during mitosis?
mitotic spindle
The “Middle” phase when chromosomes line up on the ______ ________. This phase ensures that the chromosomes will be evenly and properly divided amongst the two daughter cells.
Metaphase / metaphase plate or equatorial plate (same).
The “apart” phase where sister chromatids are separated or “pulled apart” into two individual chromosomes and move towards opposite poles.
Anaphase.
The “putting back together” phase when the nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes unwind back into chromatid and the nucleoli reappears
telophase
Division of cytoplasm begins toward the end of mitosis in telophase. ________ _________ forms and the cell pinches in half.
Cytokinesis / cleavage furrow
Is selectively permeable.
PM or Plasma Membrane
what are the three kinds of transport across the membrane?
Passive Transport, Active Transport, and Vesicular Transport
This kind of transport is like water or a ball rolling down hill.
Passive Transport
what kind of transport is diffusion?
Passive Transport
What kind of transport is osmosis?
Passive Transport
This kind of transport needs energy or uses energy
Active Transport
What kind of transport would pumps be?
Active Trans[port
This kind of transport moves things around the cell using vesicles?
Vesicular Transport
What kind of transport is endocytosis?
Vesicular transport moving things into the cell
What kind of transport is exocytosis?
Vesicular transport moving things out of the cell
movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called
diffusion
Diffusion requires a difference in levels called _________ __________.
concentration gradient
What three things affect diffusion and how does it affect it?
Size - larger moves faster, smaller moves slower
Temperature - higher temperature moves quicker lower temperature moves slower
Distance - how far it needs to travel - small distance is faster, greater distance takes longer.
What are the three types of diffusion?
Simple, facilitated, and osmosis
Diffusion can occur in three forms?
solid, liquid, or gas
Diffusion travels across what?
the plasma membrane of the cells.
a diffusion that occurs unassisted is referred to as
simple diffusion
which molecules can use simple diffusion
oxygen, CO2 (carbon dioxide), and Urea (waste products)
Assisted movement or diffusion with the help of a transport protein, that is highly selective.
Facilitated Diffusion
Which two ways does a Facilitated diffusion take place?
A channel protein or a carrier protein
which type of facilitated diffusion has a gate that can be opened or closed and what is the pocket called that allows for movement?
channel protein / pore
which type of facilitated diffusion is like a revolving door that loads on one side and empty’s on the other
carrier protein
this type of diffusion is used for water only
osmosis
osmosis can use what types of diffusion?
simple and facilitated
The net diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
how does water move during osmosis.
from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
high ______ = low ________
water / solutes
low _______ = high ________
water /solutes
Why is Osmosis so important?
Tonicity
The concentration of solutes in two fluids
Tonicity
if you have no big movement in or out and you have equal stuff in your piles what kind of tonicity is it?
Isotonic - solute in = solute out
if you have less solute inside the cell than outside the cell what kind of tonicity is it?
Hypertonic - solute in < solute out
if you have more solute inside the cell than outside the cell what kind of tonicity is it?
Hypotonic - solute in > solute out
what are the three kinds of tonicity?
Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
which way does the water move in a hypertonic solution?
There are more solutes outside the cell and more water inside the cell so the water moves outside to equalize the two.
Which way does the water move in a hypotonic solution?
There are more solutes inside the cell and more water outside the cell so the water moves into the cell to equalize the two.
Which way does the water move in an isotonic solution?
There is no great movement because the solutes and the water on both the inside and the outside of the cell are equal.
What happens to a balloon in a hypertonic solution?
the water flows out and the balloon shrinks
what happens to a balloon in a hypotonic solution?
water flows in and the balloon expands
the substances dissolved in a solvent are called _____.
solutes
a dissolving medium is called ______.
solvent
what does hypo mean?
deficient
what does hyper mean
excessive
what does iso mean?
same
If the cell loses most of its water by osmosis when put in a hypertonic solution it becomes?
crenated - or shrinks, shrivels
if the cell gains a significant amount of water by being placed in a hypotonic solution it does what?
hemolysis it swells and could burst
The separation of substances passed through a filter or membrane from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure is called __________.
filtration
substance dissolved in a solution
solute
to burst a red blood cell
hemolysis
to shrink or shrivel
crenate
a fluid that contain dissolves substances
solvent
same solute concentration on both sides of plasma cell membrane.
isotonic solution
water moving through selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
random mixing of particle from their great concentration to their lesser concentration
diffusion
solution with a lower concentration of solutes than in the cytosol of the cell
hypotonic
solution with a higher concentration of solutes than in the cytosol of the cell
hypertonic
occurs when one cell divides to produce two identical cells.
Somatic cell division
what are the two basic periods of a cell cycle
interphase and mitotic phase
the mitotic phase consists of :
mitosis or nuclear division and cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division.
a longer period during which the cell conducts its normal activity, grows and prepares for cell division
interphase
an active growth stage of embryonic development that has many dividing cells
blastula
short hair like projections for movement of substances over cell surface
cilia
intracellular fluid
cytoplasm
ATP production by cellular respiration
mitochondria
protein synthesis site
ribosomes
carbohydrate and lipid synthesis site
smooth ER
small vesicle with digestive enzymes
lysosomes
organelles needed to form cilia and flagella
centrosome
thread-like strand of DNA with associated proteins
chromatin
synthesis of secretory proteins
Rough ER
stores, packages and exports protein product
Golgi complex
contains genes, that control cellular activities
nucleus
site for synthesis of ribosomes
nucleolus
maintains cell shape and cell movement
cytoskeleton
mediates transport of substances into or out of the cell
plasma membrane
long, hair like projection that moves the cell
flagella
folds of plasma membrane that increase the surface area of cell
microvilli
cytoplasmic division
cytokinesis
cell performing normal functions, longest phase
interphase
nuclear division
mitosis
chromatid pairs line up at equatorial plate
metaphase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes: nucleus disappears
prophase
spindle fibers break up; nucleus reappears; chromosomes unravel to form chromatin
telophase
centromeres divide; chromosomes move to opposite poles
anaphase
