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Biology 5 > CHap 4&5 (Lab) > Flashcards

CHap 4&5 (Lab) Flashcards

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1
Q

the cell’s flexible outer surface that separates the cell’s internal environment from its external environment.

A

The Plasma Membrane

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2
Q

regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell and maintains the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities.

A

The Plasma Membrane

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3
Q

provides a structural framework for the cell and generates movements.

A

cytoskeleton

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4
Q

what are the three parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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5
Q

located near the nucleus and is the organizing center for growth of the mitotic spindle, which plays a critical role in cell division.

A

Centrosome

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6
Q

The sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

a network of folded membranes of flattened tubules

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER

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9
Q

extends from the nuclear envelope and is studded with ribosomes. The function is to synthesize proteins.

A

Rough ER which is studded with ribosomes.

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10
Q

extends from the rough ER and does not have ribosomes. Makes fatty acids and steroids.

A

Smooth ER

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11
Q

Proteins synthesized on the rough ER need to e processed and directed to correct locations. The first step is through the ________ ___________.

A

Golgi Complex

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12
Q

Modifies and packages proteins and then sorts them into vesicles (pinched off pieces of membrane).

A

Golgi Complex

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13
Q

what are the three packages of proteins that come out of the Golgi Complex?

A

Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, and Proteasomes

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14
Q

membrane enclosed vesicles that may contain digestive enzymes.

A

lysosomes

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15
Q

contains several oxidases (detoxifying) enzymes, that can oxidize various organic substances.

A

peroxisomes

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16
Q

continuously break down or destroy unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins.

A

proteasomes

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17
Q

The site of most ATP (energy) production. The powerhouse of a cell.

A

mitochondria

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18
Q

a series of inner folds in the mitochondria

A

mitochondrial cristae

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19
Q

a large central fluid-filled cavity in the mitochondria

A

mitochondrial matrix

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20
Q

A spherical or oval structure that usually is the most prominent feature of a cell and contains genetic material (DNA) which are the instructions for carrying out all of the cell’s processes.

A

nucleus

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21
Q

cluster of protein, DNA, and RNA and are the sites of assembly (makes them) of the ribosomes (proteins).

A

Nucleolus

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22
Q

Most body cells have a single ________ with the exception of skeletal which have a lot and blood cells which have none.

A

nucleus

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23
Q

purpose is to divide cell into two identical cells or make new cells.

A

mitosis

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24
Q

during this phase the cell copies genetic material (chromosomes) and prepares for division, this happens before the four stages of mitosis.

A

Interphase

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25
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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26
Q

overlapping with the last phase (telophase) and continuing after is this ________ (cell splitting)

A

Cytokinesis

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27
Q

how many chromosomes do human bodies have.

A

46

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28
Q

one half of a duplicated chromosome

A

sister chromatid

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29
Q

center of the chromosome where the mitotic spindle attaches.

A

centromere

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30
Q

the preparation phase or “making the ball” in which the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and nucleoli disappear.

A

prophase (the ball of “yarn” or the 46 chromosomes)

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31
Q

what is the “ball” that forms called during prophase, its job is to maneuver the chromosomes during mitosis?

A

mitotic spindle

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32
Q

The “Middle” phase when chromosomes line up on the ______ ________. This phase ensures that the chromosomes will be evenly and properly divided amongst the two daughter cells.

A

Metaphase / metaphase plate or equatorial plate (same).

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33
Q

The “apart” phase where sister chromatids are separated or “pulled apart” into two individual chromosomes and move towards opposite poles.

A

Anaphase.

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34
Q

The “putting back together” phase when the nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes unwind back into chromatid and the nucleoli reappears

A

telophase

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35
Q

Division of cytoplasm begins toward the end of mitosis in telophase. ________ _________ forms and the cell pinches in half.

A

Cytokinesis / cleavage furrow

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36
Q

Is selectively permeable.

A

PM or Plasma Membrane

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37
Q

what are the three kinds of transport across the membrane?

A

Passive Transport, Active Transport, and Vesicular Transport

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38
Q

This kind of transport is like water or a ball rolling down hill.

A

Passive Transport

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39
Q

what kind of transport is diffusion?

A

Passive Transport

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40
Q

What kind of transport is osmosis?

A

Passive Transport

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41
Q

This kind of transport needs energy or uses energy

A

Active Transport

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42
Q

What kind of transport would pumps be?

A

Active Trans[port

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43
Q

This kind of transport moves things around the cell using vesicles?

A

Vesicular Transport

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44
Q

What kind of transport is endocytosis?

A

Vesicular transport moving things into the cell

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45
Q

What kind of transport is exocytosis?

A

Vesicular transport moving things out of the cell

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46
Q

movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called

A

diffusion

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47
Q

Diffusion requires a difference in levels called _________ __________.

A

concentration gradient

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48
Q

What three things affect diffusion and how does it affect it?

A

Size - larger moves faster, smaller moves slower
Temperature - higher temperature moves quicker lower temperature moves slower
Distance - how far it needs to travel - small distance is faster, greater distance takes longer.

49
Q

What are the three types of diffusion?

A

Simple, facilitated, and osmosis

50
Q

Diffusion can occur in three forms?

A

solid, liquid, or gas

51
Q

Diffusion travels across what?

A

the plasma membrane of the cells.

52
Q

a diffusion that occurs unassisted is referred to as

A

simple diffusion

53
Q

which molecules can use simple diffusion

A

oxygen, CO2 (carbon dioxide), and Urea (waste products)

54
Q

Assisted movement or diffusion with the help of a transport protein, that is highly selective.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

55
Q

Which two ways does a Facilitated diffusion take place?

A

A channel protein or a carrier protein

56
Q

which type of facilitated diffusion has a gate that can be opened or closed and what is the pocket called that allows for movement?

A

channel protein / pore

57
Q

which type of facilitated diffusion is like a revolving door that loads on one side and empty’s on the other

A

carrier protein

58
Q

this type of diffusion is used for water only

A

osmosis

59
Q

osmosis can use what types of diffusion?

A

simple and facilitated

60
Q

The net diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

A

osmosis

61
Q

how does water move during osmosis.

A

from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

62
Q

high ______ = low ________

A

water / solutes

63
Q

low _______ = high ________

A

water /solutes

64
Q

Why is Osmosis so important?

A

Tonicity

65
Q

The concentration of solutes in two fluids

A

Tonicity

66
Q

if you have no big movement in or out and you have equal stuff in your piles what kind of tonicity is it?

A

Isotonic - solute in = solute out

67
Q

if you have less solute inside the cell than outside the cell what kind of tonicity is it?

A

Hypertonic - solute in < solute out

68
Q

if you have more solute inside the cell than outside the cell what kind of tonicity is it?

A

Hypotonic - solute in > solute out

69
Q

what are the three kinds of tonicity?

A

Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

70
Q

which way does the water move in a hypertonic solution?

A

There are more solutes outside the cell and more water inside the cell so the water moves outside to equalize the two.

71
Q

Which way does the water move in a hypotonic solution?

A

There are more solutes inside the cell and more water outside the cell so the water moves into the cell to equalize the two.

72
Q

Which way does the water move in an isotonic solution?

A

There is no great movement because the solutes and the water on both the inside and the outside of the cell are equal.

73
Q

What happens to a balloon in a hypertonic solution?

A

the water flows out and the balloon shrinks

74
Q

what happens to a balloon in a hypotonic solution?

A

water flows in and the balloon expands

75
Q

the substances dissolved in a solvent are called _____.

A

solutes

76
Q

a dissolving medium is called ______.

A

solvent

77
Q

what does hypo mean?

A

deficient

78
Q

what does hyper mean

A

excessive

79
Q

what does iso mean?

A

same

80
Q

If the cell loses most of its water by osmosis when put in a hypertonic solution it becomes?

A

crenated - or shrinks, shrivels

81
Q

if the cell gains a significant amount of water by being placed in a hypotonic solution it does what?

A

hemolysis it swells and could burst

82
Q

The separation of substances passed through a filter or membrane from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure is called __________.

A

filtration

83
Q

substance dissolved in a solution

A

solute

84
Q

to burst a red blood cell

A

hemolysis

85
Q

to shrink or shrivel

A

crenate

86
Q

a fluid that contain dissolves substances

A

solvent

87
Q

same solute concentration on both sides of plasma cell membrane.

A

isotonic solution

88
Q

water moving through selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

89
Q

random mixing of particle from their great concentration to their lesser concentration

A

diffusion

90
Q

solution with a lower concentration of solutes than in the cytosol of the cell

A

hypotonic

91
Q

solution with a higher concentration of solutes than in the cytosol of the cell

A

hypertonic

92
Q

occurs when one cell divides to produce two identical cells.

A

Somatic cell division

93
Q

what are the two basic periods of a cell cycle

A

interphase and mitotic phase

94
Q

the mitotic phase consists of :

A

mitosis or nuclear division and cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division.

95
Q

a longer period during which the cell conducts its normal activity, grows and prepares for cell division

A

interphase

96
Q

an active growth stage of embryonic development that has many dividing cells

A

blastula

97
Q

short hair like projections for movement of substances over cell surface

A

cilia

98
Q

intracellular fluid

A

cytoplasm

99
Q

ATP production by cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

100
Q

protein synthesis site

A

ribosomes

101
Q

carbohydrate and lipid synthesis site

A

smooth ER

102
Q

small vesicle with digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

103
Q

organelles needed to form cilia and flagella

A

centrosome

104
Q

thread-like strand of DNA with associated proteins

A

chromatin

105
Q

synthesis of secretory proteins

A

Rough ER

106
Q

stores, packages and exports protein product

A

Golgi complex

107
Q

contains genes, that control cellular activities

A

nucleus

108
Q

site for synthesis of ribosomes

A

nucleolus

109
Q

maintains cell shape and cell movement

A

cytoskeleton

110
Q

mediates transport of substances into or out of the cell

A

plasma membrane

111
Q

long, hair like projection that moves the cell

A

flagella

112
Q

folds of plasma membrane that increase the surface area of cell

A

microvilli

113
Q

cytoplasmic division

A

cytokinesis

114
Q

cell performing normal functions, longest phase

A

interphase

115
Q

nuclear division

A

mitosis

116
Q

chromatid pairs line up at equatorial plate

A

metaphase

117
Q

chromatin condenses into chromosomes: nucleus disappears

A

prophase

118
Q

spindle fibers break up; nucleus reappears; chromosomes unravel to form chromatin

A

telophase

119
Q

centromeres divide; chromosomes move to opposite poles

A

anaphase

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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