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Biology 5 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the branched network of arteries, veins, and capillaries is known as what

A

the blood vessel network

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2
Q

these take blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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3
Q

arteries branch out into these smaller arteries called

A

arterioles

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4
Q

these take blood to the heart

A

veins

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5
Q

veins are fed by these branches that are smaller veins

A

venules

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6
Q

these are microscopic vessels that allow for exchange of material between the tissues and blood

A

capillaries

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7
Q

the hollow inner portion of the vessel through which blood passes

A

lumen

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8
Q

there are how many layers in a basic blood vessel structure

A

three

inner middle and outer

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9
Q

this layer is lined with simple squamous epithelial cells known as what?

A

inner layer lined with endothelium

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10
Q

this layer is made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue and its thickness is dependent on the type of vessel

A

middle layer

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11
Q

this layer is made up of connective tissue that helps to support and protect the rest of the blood vessel

A

outer layer

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12
Q

these are the first arteries that exit the heart and they have a large diameter

A

elastic artery

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13
Q

what is the makeup of elastic arteries

A

lots of elastic fibers in middle layer

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14
Q

what do elastic arteries allow

A

the elastic fibers allow the vessel to recoil and propel blood as ventricles relax

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15
Q

what is one example of an elastic artery

A

aorta

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16
Q

elastic arteries branch out to these medium sized arteries called what

A

muscular artery

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17
Q

what are muscular arteries made up of

A

lots of smooth muscle in the middle layer

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18
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries

A

to adjust blood flow by changing their diameter

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19
Q

how do muscular arteries adjust blood flow

A

contracting or relaxing the diameter

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20
Q

this action relaxes the muscle layer and increase the blood vessel diameter

A

vasodilation

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21
Q

this action contracts the muscle layer and decreases the blood vessel diameter

A

vasoconstriction

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22
Q

muscular arteries eventually branch out to these

A

arterioles

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23
Q

arterioles regulate blood flow from the arteries to the capillaries using what

A

precapillary sphincters

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24
Q

this is a circular bit of smooth muscle found where the capillaries and arterioles meet that can clamp down to restrict blood flow or open up to allow blood flow through the capillary bed

A

precapillary sphincters

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25
Q

what is the job of the precapillary sphincters

A

to regulate flow of blood into the capillaries

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26
Q

these are microscopic blood vessels that connect an arteriole to a venule

A

capillaries

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27
Q

what are capillaries the site of

A

nutrient and gas exchange

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28
Q

tissues that need a lot of oxygen and nutrients have _______ capillaries and are called ________.

A

more

vascular

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29
Q

what is an example of a vascular capillary

A

muscles

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30
Q

tissues that have a low need for oxygen or nutrients have ____ capillaries and are called ________.

A

less capillaries

avascular

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31
Q

what is an example of an avascular capillary

A

tendons and ligaments

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32
Q

movement of nutrients and gases across the capillary bed is known as what

A

capillary exchange

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33
Q

this is the pressure in the capillary - pressure exerted by the blood onto the vessel walls

A

hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)

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34
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure do?

A

forces fluid out of the capillaries and into the surrounding area tissues

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35
Q

this it the pressure created by the proteins in the blood (more protein=higher pressure)

A

oncotic pressure uses concentration gradient

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36
Q

what does oncotic pressure do

A

it pulls fluid into the capillaries

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37
Q

at the beginning of the capillary on the arteriole end, the blood pressure is what

A

very high

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38
Q

what does the very high blood pressure at the beginning of the capillary do

A

creates a high hydrostatic pressure which forces solutes and water out of the vessels

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39
Q

what is the process called in which the high hydrostatic pressure forces solutes and water out of the vessels

A

filtration

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40
Q

what happens about halfway through the capillary

A

the blood pressure drops

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41
Q

what happens when the blood pressure drops half way through the capillary

A

now the osmotic pressure is higher than the hydrostatic pressure - this causes most of the fluid to return to the vessel

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42
Q

what is the process called when most of the fluid is returned to the vessel at the venule end of the capillary

A

reabsorption

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43
Q

three parts to tissue exchange - the first one fluid exits capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure is greater than blood colloidal osmotic pressure this is called what

A

filtration which happens at the arterial end of the capillary

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44
Q

three parts to tissue exchange - the second one is when the fluid in is the same since capillary hydrostatic pressure and colloidal osmotic pressure are equal where does this happen

A

in the middle about half way through the capillary - no net movement of fluid happens here

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45
Q

three parts to tissue exchange - the third one is when fluid re-enters capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure is less than blood colloidal osmotic pressure this is called what

A

reabsorption and it happens at the venule end of the capillary

46
Q

veins have the same structure as arteries but with some slight differences the walls of veins are much _____ than in arteries

A

thinner (less muscle)

47
Q

the lumen of veins is much ______ than in arteries.

A

larger

48
Q

what do these differences the thinner and larger veins do for the human body

A

they allow veins to hold more blood - veins hold almost 65% of our total blood

49
Q

what do veins contain that arteries do not

A

valves

50
Q

what is the function of the valves in veins

A

to prevent the back flow of blood they ensure blood moves in one direction

51
Q

what are the two main mechanisms that the body uses to return blood to the heart

A

skeletal muscle pump

respiratory pump

52
Q

this mechanism utilizes skeletal muscle contractions to return blood to the heart

A

skeletal muscle pump

53
Q

this mechanism utilized pressure gradients in the chest when we breathe to return blood to the heart

A

respiratory pump

54
Q

contraction of the leg muscles that pushes blood upward through the valves

A

skeletal muscle pump

55
Q

what happens in the valves as the skeletal muscles pump

A

the far valves stay closed preventing backflow of blood

56
Q

when you breathe in the pressure in the chest is lower than in the abdomen and so veins are squeezed in the abdomen which moves blood toward the heart

A

respiratory pump

57
Q

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels

A

blood pressure

58
Q

the top number in a blood pressure reading

A

systolic pressure

59
Q

what does systolic pressure represent

A

the highest pressure

60
Q

what is an average systolic pressure

A

120

61
Q

the bottom number in a blood pressure reading

A

diastolic pressure

62
Q

what does the diastolic pressure represent

A

the lowest pressure

63
Q

what is an average diastolic pressure

A

80

64
Q

what is the name of the hormone that is released when the blood volume/pressure is low

A

Antidiuretic Hormone ADH

65
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone do

A

it causes the kidneys to reabsorb water
causes blood vessels to constrict - increasing BP
overall effect is that it increases blood volume and blood pressure

66
Q

what is the name of the substance released by the heart when blood pressure is too high

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

67
Q

what does atrial natriuretic peptide do

A

it does the opposite of ADH
causes the kidneys to secrete sodium and water
its overall effect is a decrease in blood volume and pressure

68
Q

blood pressure that is at or above 140/90

A

hypertension - high blood pressure

69
Q

normal blood pressure is considered less than what

A

120/80

70
Q

what can high blood pressure/hypertension lead to

A

multiple problems with the heart, brain, vision and kidneys and weakening of the blood vessels

71
Q

how can you treat high blood pressure

A

diet and exercise
lower intake of sodium
lose weight

72
Q

this artery brings blood up to the brain and the rest of the head

A

common carotid artery

73
Q

this artery is found underneath the clavicle and travels along the clavicle before branching off

A

subclavian artery

74
Q

this artery is the first branch off of the aortic arch and supplies the arm and head

A

brachiocephalic trunk

75
Q

this artery leaves the heart and goes up a bit and then arches

A

ascending aorta

76
Q

this is the continuance of the ascending aorta that then descends through the thoracic cavity and then into the abdomen

A

aortic arch

77
Q

this artery is found in the abdomen and branches out into other main arteries

A

abdominal aorta

78
Q

these arteries branch out of the abdominal aorta and take blood to your kidneys

A

renal arteries

79
Q

these arteries branch out at the base of the abdominal aorta to supply the lower limbs

A

femoral arteries

80
Q

this vein drains blood from brain tissue and other parts of the head

A

internal jugular vein

81
Q

this vein drains blood from the arms

A

subclavian vein

82
Q

this vein collects drainage from branches from both the subclavian and head

A

brachiocephalic vein

83
Q

this vein runs along the arm diagonally across at the elbow and is an important blood draw vein

A

median cubital vein

84
Q

these veins drain blood from the kidneys

A

renal veins

85
Q

these veins drain blood from the lower legs

A

femoral veins

86
Q

this medial vein that runs along the entire length of your leg and is actually the longest blood vessel in your entire body

A

great saphenous vein

87
Q

since the fetus does not have working lungs there are certain modification to their circulatory system what are the name of these two structures

A

foramen ovale

ductus arteriosus

88
Q

this is the hole between the right and left atria that bypasses the right ventricle which send blood out to the lungs

A

foramen ovale

89
Q

this is the vessel that connects the aorta with the pulmonary trunk and bypasses the lungs

A

ductus arteriosus

90
Q

what happens to the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus after birth of the child

A

they both seal up

91
Q

alternating expansion and relaxation of an artery each time the heart contracts and relaxes

A

pulse

92
Q

what is the pulse normally the same as

A

heart rate

93
Q

a faster than normal pulse or heart rate - more than 100 beats per minute is called

A

tachycardia

94
Q

a slower than normal pulse or heart rate - less than 50 beats per minute is called

A

bradycardia

95
Q

The inner layer of blood vessels is lined with
Group of answer choices

connective tissue.

lumen.

endothelium.

smooth muscle.

A

endothelium

96
Q

n increase in the size of a blood vessel lumen is referred to as __________ .
Group of answer choices

cavitation

vasodilation

vasoconstriction

vasospasm

A

vasodilation

97
Q

The smallest diameter blood vessels are
Group of answer choices

arterioles

venules

arteries

veins

capillaries

A

capillaries

98
Q

true or false

The number on the bottom of a blood pressure reading is the diastolic pressure.

A

true

99
Q

Which of the following blood pressure readings would indicate hypertension?
Group of answer choices

150/90

100/50

90/150

120/60

A

150/90

100
Q

Precapillary sphincters regulate the flow of blood
Group of answer choices

from capillaries to venules.

from venules to capillaries.

from capillaries to arterioles.

from arterioles into capillaries.

A

from arterioles into capillaries.

101
Q

true or false

Systolic blood pressure in arteries is always lower than the diastolic pressure.

A

false it is always higher

102
Q

Exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the
Group of answer choices

venules.

veins.

arteries.

arterioles.

capillaries.

A

capillaries

103
Q

true or false

Osmotic pressure drives the filtration of solutes and water out of capillaries and into surrounding tissues.

A

false hydrostatic pressure

104
Q 
Venous return to the heart occurs due to pressure created by
A) contraction of the heart.
B) skeletal muscle pump.
B and C
A, B, and C
C) respiratory pump.
A and B
A

B and C

105
Q 
The movement of water and solutes from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ .
secretion
filtration
reabsorption
uptake
A

reabsorption

106
Q 
In fetal circulation, the \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the hole between the left and right atria.
fossa ovalis
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
ligamentum arteriosum
A

foramen ovale

107
Q 
The brachiocephalic trunk is found in the 
chest.
arm.
neck.
leg.
A

chest.

108
Q 
The inner layer of blood vessels is lined with
connective tissue.
smooth muscle.
endothelium.
lumen.
A

endothelium

109
Q 
Exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the
veins.
capillaries.
arteries.
arterioles.
venules.
A

capillaries.

110
Q

The walls of arteries are ________ than those of veins. Arterial lumen diameters are _______ than lumen diameters in veins.

A

thicker

smaller

111
Q 
Atrial natriuretic peptide
increases blood volume.
reduces loss of water in the urine.
lowers blood pressure.
reduces loss of sodium in the urine.
A

lowers blood pressure.

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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