chapter 16 Flashcards
the branched network of arteries, veins, and capillaries is known as what
the blood vessel network
these take blood away from the heart
arteries
arteries branch out into these smaller arteries called
arterioles
these take blood to the heart
veins
veins are fed by these branches that are smaller veins
venules
these are microscopic vessels that allow for exchange of material between the tissues and blood
capillaries
the hollow inner portion of the vessel through which blood passes
lumen
there are how many layers in a basic blood vessel structure
three
inner middle and outer
this layer is lined with simple squamous epithelial cells known as what?
inner layer lined with endothelium
this layer is made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue and its thickness is dependent on the type of vessel
middle layer
this layer is made up of connective tissue that helps to support and protect the rest of the blood vessel
outer layer
these are the first arteries that exit the heart and they have a large diameter
elastic artery
what is the makeup of elastic arteries
lots of elastic fibers in middle layer
what do elastic arteries allow
the elastic fibers allow the vessel to recoil and propel blood as ventricles relax
what is one example of an elastic artery
aorta
elastic arteries branch out to these medium sized arteries called what
muscular artery
what are muscular arteries made up of
lots of smooth muscle in the middle layer
what is the function of muscular arteries
to adjust blood flow by changing their diameter
how do muscular arteries adjust blood flow
contracting or relaxing the diameter
this action relaxes the muscle layer and increase the blood vessel diameter
vasodilation
this action contracts the muscle layer and decreases the blood vessel diameter
vasoconstriction
muscular arteries eventually branch out to these
arterioles
arterioles regulate blood flow from the arteries to the capillaries using what
precapillary sphincters
this is a circular bit of smooth muscle found where the capillaries and arterioles meet that can clamp down to restrict blood flow or open up to allow blood flow through the capillary bed
precapillary sphincters
what is the job of the precapillary sphincters
to regulate flow of blood into the capillaries
these are microscopic blood vessels that connect an arteriole to a venule
capillaries
what are capillaries the site of
nutrient and gas exchange
tissues that need a lot of oxygen and nutrients have _______ capillaries and are called ________.
more
vascular
what is an example of a vascular capillary
muscles
tissues that have a low need for oxygen or nutrients have ____ capillaries and are called ________.
less capillaries
avascular
what is an example of an avascular capillary
tendons and ligaments
movement of nutrients and gases across the capillary bed is known as what
capillary exchange
this is the pressure in the capillary - pressure exerted by the blood onto the vessel walls
hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
what does hydrostatic pressure do?
forces fluid out of the capillaries and into the surrounding area tissues
this it the pressure created by the proteins in the blood (more protein=higher pressure)
oncotic pressure uses concentration gradient
what does oncotic pressure do
it pulls fluid into the capillaries
at the beginning of the capillary on the arteriole end, the blood pressure is what
very high
what does the very high blood pressure at the beginning of the capillary do
creates a high hydrostatic pressure which forces solutes and water out of the vessels
what is the process called in which the high hydrostatic pressure forces solutes and water out of the vessels
filtration
what happens about halfway through the capillary
the blood pressure drops
what happens when the blood pressure drops half way through the capillary
now the osmotic pressure is higher than the hydrostatic pressure - this causes most of the fluid to return to the vessel
what is the process called when most of the fluid is returned to the vessel at the venule end of the capillary
reabsorption
three parts to tissue exchange - the first one fluid exits capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure is greater than blood colloidal osmotic pressure this is called what
filtration which happens at the arterial end of the capillary
three parts to tissue exchange - the second one is when the fluid in is the same since capillary hydrostatic pressure and colloidal osmotic pressure are equal where does this happen
in the middle about half way through the capillary - no net movement of fluid happens here
three parts to tissue exchange - the third one is when fluid re-enters capillary since capillary hydrostatic pressure is less than blood colloidal osmotic pressure this is called what
reabsorption and it happens at the venule end of the capillary
veins have the same structure as arteries but with some slight differences the walls of veins are much _____ than in arteries
thinner (less muscle)
the lumen of veins is much ______ than in arteries.
larger
what do these differences the thinner and larger veins do for the human body
they allow veins to hold more blood - veins hold almost 65% of our total blood
what do veins contain that arteries do not
valves
what is the function of the valves in veins
to prevent the back flow of blood they ensure blood moves in one direction
what are the two main mechanisms that the body uses to return blood to the heart
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
this mechanism utilizes skeletal muscle contractions to return blood to the heart
skeletal muscle pump
this mechanism utilized pressure gradients in the chest when we breathe to return blood to the heart
respiratory pump
contraction of the leg muscles that pushes blood upward through the valves
skeletal muscle pump
what happens in the valves as the skeletal muscles pump
the far valves stay closed preventing backflow of blood
when you breathe in the pressure in the chest is lower than in the abdomen and so veins are squeezed in the abdomen which moves blood toward the heart
respiratory pump
the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels
blood pressure
the top number in a blood pressure reading
systolic pressure
what does systolic pressure represent
the highest pressure
what is an average systolic pressure
120
the bottom number in a blood pressure reading
diastolic pressure
what does the diastolic pressure represent
the lowest pressure
what is an average diastolic pressure
80
what is the name of the hormone that is released when the blood volume/pressure is low
Antidiuretic Hormone ADH
what does antidiuretic hormone do
it causes the kidneys to reabsorb water
causes blood vessels to constrict - increasing BP
overall effect is that it increases blood volume and blood pressure
what is the name of the substance released by the heart when blood pressure is too high
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
what does atrial natriuretic peptide do
it does the opposite of ADH
causes the kidneys to secrete sodium and water
its overall effect is a decrease in blood volume and pressure
blood pressure that is at or above 140/90
hypertension - high blood pressure
normal blood pressure is considered less than what
120/80
what can high blood pressure/hypertension lead to
multiple problems with the heart, brain, vision and kidneys and weakening of the blood vessels
how can you treat high blood pressure
diet and exercise
lower intake of sodium
lose weight
this artery brings blood up to the brain and the rest of the head
common carotid artery
this artery is found underneath the clavicle and travels along the clavicle before branching off
subclavian artery
this artery is the first branch off of the aortic arch and supplies the arm and head
brachiocephalic trunk
this artery leaves the heart and goes up a bit and then arches
ascending aorta
this is the continuance of the ascending aorta that then descends through the thoracic cavity and then into the abdomen
aortic arch
this artery is found in the abdomen and branches out into other main arteries
abdominal aorta
these arteries branch out of the abdominal aorta and take blood to your kidneys
renal arteries
these arteries branch out at the base of the abdominal aorta to supply the lower limbs
femoral arteries
this vein drains blood from brain tissue and other parts of the head
internal jugular vein
this vein drains blood from the arms
subclavian vein
this vein collects drainage from branches from both the subclavian and head
brachiocephalic vein
this vein runs along the arm diagonally across at the elbow and is an important blood draw vein
median cubital vein
these veins drain blood from the kidneys
renal veins
these veins drain blood from the lower legs
femoral veins
this medial vein that runs along the entire length of your leg and is actually the longest blood vessel in your entire body
great saphenous vein
since the fetus does not have working lungs there are certain modification to their circulatory system what are the name of these two structures
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
this is the hole between the right and left atria that bypasses the right ventricle which send blood out to the lungs
foramen ovale
this is the vessel that connects the aorta with the pulmonary trunk and bypasses the lungs
ductus arteriosus
what happens to the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus after birth of the child
they both seal up
alternating expansion and relaxation of an artery each time the heart contracts and relaxes
pulse
what is the pulse normally the same as
heart rate
a faster than normal pulse or heart rate - more than 100 beats per minute is called
tachycardia
a slower than normal pulse or heart rate - less than 50 beats per minute is called
bradycardia
The inner layer of blood vessels is lined with
Group of answer choices
connective tissue.
lumen.
endothelium.
smooth muscle.
endothelium
n increase in the size of a blood vessel lumen is referred to as __________ .
Group of answer choices
cavitation
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
vasospasm
vasodilation
The smallest diameter blood vessels are
Group of answer choices
arterioles
venules
arteries
veins
capillaries
capillaries
true or false
The number on the bottom of a blood pressure reading is the diastolic pressure.
true
Which of the following blood pressure readings would indicate hypertension?
Group of answer choices
150/90
100/50
90/150
120/60
150/90
Precapillary sphincters regulate the flow of blood
Group of answer choices
from capillaries to venules.
from venules to capillaries.
from capillaries to arterioles.
from arterioles into capillaries.
from arterioles into capillaries.
true or false
Systolic blood pressure in arteries is always lower than the diastolic pressure.
false it is always higher
Exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the
Group of answer choices
venules.
veins.
arteries.
arterioles.
capillaries.
capillaries
true or false
Osmotic pressure drives the filtration of solutes and water out of capillaries and into surrounding tissues.
false hydrostatic pressure
Venous return to the heart occurs due to pressure created by A) contraction of the heart. B) skeletal muscle pump. B and C A, B, and C C) respiratory pump. A and B
B and C
The movement of water and solutes from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ . secretion filtration reabsorption uptake
reabsorption
In fetal circulation, the \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the hole between the left and right atria. fossa ovalis foramen ovale ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum
foramen ovale
The brachiocephalic trunk is found in the chest. arm. neck. leg.
chest.
The inner layer of blood vessels is lined with connective tissue. smooth muscle. endothelium. lumen.
endothelium
Exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the veins. capillaries. arteries. arterioles. venules.
capillaries.
The walls of arteries are ________ than those of veins. Arterial lumen diameters are _______ than lumen diameters in veins.
thicker
smaller
Atrial natriuretic peptide increases blood volume. reduces loss of water in the urine. lowers blood pressure. reduces loss of sodium in the urine.
lowers blood pressure.
