chapter 6 Flashcards
This function of bone provides the framework for the body, provides structure
support
this function of bone is to cover the vital organs
protection
this function of bone is provided by muscles that attach & pull on the bones
assistance in movement
this function of bone is the calcium that keeps the bones strong and helps to contract muscles
assistance in movement
this function of bone is all the red and white blood cell
blood cell production
this function of bone is that you keep energy here to be used when needed
fat storage
name the 6 functions of bones (sugar provides all my basic fun)
support protection assistance in movement mineral storage blood cell production fat storage
bone that is longer than it s wide, has a narrow middle and wide ends, examples femur, humerus
long bones
bone that is equal in width and length, cube like, examples tarsals and carpals
short bones
bone that is thin and sheet-like, examples ribs, cranial bones and sternum
flat bones
bone that does not fit into the other categories, most bones of the face, vertebrae, and hip bones
irregular bones
bone that is triangular in shape, has a base and an apex, examples - patellar
sesamoid
this part of the long bone are the proximal and distal ends, they consist mostly of spongy bone
epiphysis
the narrow middle portion of the long bone that is mostly compact bone, known as the shaft
diaphysis
this part of the long bone provides cushioning at the ends of long bones, provides friction and absorbs shock
articular cartilage (hyaline)
this part of the long bone is found in the epiphyses, it is cartilage at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis that provides space for growing the length of the bone
epiphyseal plate in growing bone
epiphyseal line in bones done growing
this part of the long bone is the hollow space or cavity of the diaphysis and contains yellow marrow
medullary cavity
this part of the long bone is the membrane that surrounds the outside of the bone, it contains bone-forming cells to add width to the bone, and is the attachment point for tendons and ligaments
periosteum
this part of the long bone lines the inside of the medullary cavity it also contains a layer of bone-forming cells
endosteum
what are the 4 types of bone cells? (all O’s)
osteogenic cell
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes
these bone cells divide and make new cells, mitosis (derived from connective tissue, stem cells)
osteogenic cell
these bone cells initiate bone growth, or make new bone (derived from connective tissue, stem cells)
osteoblasts
these bone cells are the mature bone cells that perform maintenance function (derived from connective tissue, stem cells)
osteocytes
these bone cells breakdown bone extracellular matrix, responsible for clearing out old bone (resorption) (different and separate from all other bone cells, derived from white blood cells)
osteoclasts
structural unit of compact bone (repeating circles)
osteon
the center portion of compact bone (hole in the bone) holds blood vessels and nerves
central canal
each of the individual rings of compact bone
lamellae
(little pockets) that contain osteocytes
lacunae
these are little small channels between the lacunae, they run perpendicular to lamellae, little canals connecting the osteocytes to blood in the central canal
canaliculi
these run across the bone; supply the bone with blood vessels, they carry blood from outside the bone into the central canals and they run perpendicular as well.
perforating canal
this type of bone does not contain osteons (no tree rings)
spongy bone
the spongy bone contains irregular columns of bone called
trabeculae
the spongy bone is the site of what production?
blood cells
some spongy bones in adults are filled with what
red marrow (ribs, pelvis)
which type of bone tissue is responsible for blood cell production?
spongy bone
what are the 2 methods of bone growth? (within membrane formation, and inside cartilage)
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
which type of bone growth occurs in flat bones like the skull
intramembranous ossification
which type of bone growth occurs in most of the bones in the body
endochondral ossification
this type of bone growth (?) forms directly from a type of fetal tissue known as?
intramembranous ossification
mesenchyme
this type of bone growth (?) is caused by (?) cartilage that hardens to form bone.
endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage hardens to form bone
where is the primary ossification center located, and what does it form?
located in the diaphysis and forms compact bone
where is the secondary ossification center located, ad what does it form?
located in the epiphysis and forms spongy bone
what are the four steps to intramembranous ossification? (otters come to play(mate))
1) ossification center develops (osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix)
2) calcification: (calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens))
3) formation of trabeculae: (extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone)
4) development of the periosteum: (mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into periosteum)
what are the six steps of endochondral ossification?
develop, grow, primary, middle, secondary, college& employment
1) development of cartilage model: (mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model)
2) growth of cartilage model: (growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes)
3) development of primary ossification center: (in this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue replaces most of the cartilage)
4) development of the medullary cavity: (bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity)
5) Development of secondary ossification center: (these occur in the epiphysis of the bone)
6) Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: (both structures consist of hyaline cartilage)
found in the diaphysis and forms compact bone
primary ossification center
found in the epiphysis and forms spongy bone
secondary ossification center
when we are adults our bodies perform this ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue.
bone remodeling
what are the two processes of bone remodeling?
resorption and deposition
this process of bone remodeling (?) gets rid of bone we don’t need by dissolving and breaking it down using what?
resorption using osteoclasts
this process of bone remodeling (?) lays down or makes new bone tissue and puts it in the appropriate place where it is needed using what?
deposition using osteoblasts
what triggers bone remodeling?
exercise, sedentary lifestyle, changes in diet, and hormonal changes
this type of bone fracture is also called a compound fracture and involves broken pieces of the bone protruding from the skin.
open fracture
this type of bone fracture is also called a simple fracture and involves the bone breaking into pieces but the pieces do not protrude out of the skin.
closed fracture
this type of bone fracture is when the bone is broken into two or more pieces
complete fracture
this type of bone fracture is when the bone is cracked rather than broken into pieces (greenstick)
partial fracture
name the four types of fractures
open
closed
complete
partial
name the 8 cranial bones
occipital frontal temporal (2) parietal (2) ethmoid sphenoid
membranous structures that connect the cranial bones as an infant.
fontanels
which bones are included in the axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribcage
which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton
all of the bones in the appendages
the pelvic girdle
the pectoral girdle
which cranial bone contains the foramen magnum and hat is the purpose of this bone structure?
occipital bone, the foramen magnum allows passage of the spinal cord, blood vessels and nerves from the brain to the spinal cord.
surround and protect the brain and sensory organs
cranial bones
form the underlying structure of the face; support teeth
facial bones
protect internal organs, assist in breathing
bones of the rib cage, the sternum and the ribs
surround and protect the spinal cord; support for upper part of body; provide attachment for muscles
vertebral column, or backbone made up of 26 vertebrae
cartilaginous pads between vertebrae; absorb shock; permit flexibility
intervertebral disks
protects knee joint
patella
name the 7 required facial bones
nasal vomer zygomatic lacrimal (tearducts) maxillae palatine mandible
not part of the nose but connected to it, used for producing the unique sounds we make when talking or singing
paranasal sinuses
the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone but is an attachment site for ligaments, muscles of the tongue and anterior neck
hyoid bone
what is the name of the 5 section of the vertebral column and how many bones are in each of the three sections of the vertebral column?
7 cervical vertebrae c1 - atlas c2 - axis 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae sacrum coccyx
the fibrocartilage that acts as shock absorbers to cushion the vertebrae
intervertebral discs
what are the four major curves of the spine and which way do they curve
cervical curves forward
thoracic curves backward
lumbar curves forward
pelvic curves backward
name the three types of curvature abnormalities (sisters, Korina & Laneta)
scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis
in this abnormal curvature the vertebral column bends laterally to varying degrees of severity
scoliosis
in this abnormal curvature there is an accentuated curvature of the thoracic spine causing hump back
kyphosis
in this abnormal curvature there is an accentuated curvature of the lumbar spine causing the abdomen to protrude
lordosis
name the three groups of ribs
1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
11, 12 floating ribs
these ribs attach directly to the sternum
true ribs
these ribs attach indirectly to the sternum through cartilage
false ribs
these ribs do not attach to the sternum at all and are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae
floating ribs
what bones make up the pectoral girdle
clavicle, scapula, and spine
describe the structure of the shoulder joint
ball and socket - head of humerus is ball and glenoid cavity is socket, this allows for a wide range of movement
what is the rotator cuff?
a group of 4 muscles that provide the most strength to the shoulder joint, they sit on the front and back of the shoulder joint to reinforce it.
which bone is associated with the olecranon process
ulna
which bone is associated with the spine
pectoral girdle
which bone is associated with the styloid process
radius
which bone is associated with the tibial tuberosity
tibia
which bone is associated with the lateral malleolus
fibula
which bone is associated with the medial malleolus
tibia
how many carpals are there, make up the what
8 wrist
how many metacarpals are there, make up the what
5 hand
how many phalanges are there, make up the what
14 fingers
what bones make up the pelvic girdle
two hip bones known as OS Coxa joined at the front by the pubic synthesis
name the three fused bones of a coxal bone
ilium
ischium
pubis
which joint is created where the forearm bones meet the humerus and describe the type of joint.
elbow joint which is a hinge joint - these ligaments are often injured by pitchers
how many tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges are there
7 tarsals make up ankle
5 metatarsals make up foot
14 phalanges make up toes
what kind of joint is the knee
hinge joint
the pad of cartilage that cushions the knee
meniscus
the two most commonly injured ligaments of the knee, and their locations
ACL Anterior cruciate ligament - extends posteriorly and laterally from the tibia to the femur
MCL - Medial collateral ligament - located on the medial side of the knee, ATTACHES THE FEMUR TO THE TIBIA
DESCRIBE THE THREE DIFFREENCES BETWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE PELVIS
male narrower and female wider
male large hip socket female smaller hip socket
male small pelvic opening less than 90 degrees female large pelvic opening more than 90 degrees
this is a condition in which the bone becomes more porous because calcium is lost more that it is absorbed from the diet.
osteoporosis
what happens to the bones when osteoporosis is present
bones can fracture spontaneously from sitting down too fast or bumping into something.
who is more likely to be affected by osteoporosis and why
older women are more likely to be affected than older men because they go through menopause which causes them to stop making estrogen, which in turn means that osteoblast aren’t making new bone and osteoclasts are breaking down bone faster
Long bones develop by: a - Hemopoiesis b - Metaphysical ossification. c - Endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. d - Intramembranous ossification. e - Endochondral ossification.
e - Endochondral ossification.
Blood vessels travel through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to supply the rings of bone with nutrients. a - perforating canals b - canaliculi c osteons d - lamellae
a - perforating canals
Osteocytes are connected to one another and to a blood supply via a - canaliculi b - osteons c - lamellae d - central canals
a - canaliculi
The secondary ossification center
a - stores triglycerides and produces red blood cells.
b - produces red blood cells.
c - consists of mainly adipose cells.
d - stores triglycerides.
e - stores triglycerides and consists mainly of adipose tissue.
e - stores triglycerides and consists mainly of adipose tissue.
The secondary ossification center
a - appears in the diaphysis.
b - forms spongy bone during endochondral ossification.
c - forms compact bone at the epiphyses of long bones.
d - forms during intramembranous ossification.
b - forms spongy bone during endochondral ossification.
There are an equal number of a - cervical and thoracic vertebrae b - true and false ribs c - carpals and tarsals d - metacarpals and metatarsals
d - metacarpals and metatarsals
Which is not a structure found in compact bone? a - lamellae b - osteons c - lacunae d - canaliculi e - trabeculae
e - trabeculae
