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Biology 5 > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This function of bone provides the framework for the body, provides structure

A

support

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2
Q

this function of bone is to cover the vital organs

A

protection

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3
Q

this function of bone is provided by muscles that attach & pull on the bones

A

assistance in movement

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4
Q

this function of bone is the calcium that keeps the bones strong and helps to contract muscles

A

assistance in movement

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5
Q

this function of bone is all the red and white blood cell

A

blood cell production

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6
Q

this function of bone is that you keep energy here to be used when needed

A

fat storage

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7
Q

name the 6 functions of bones (sugar provides all my basic fun)

A 
support
protection
assistance in movement
mineral storage
blood cell production
fat storage
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8
Q

bone that is longer than it s wide, has a narrow middle and wide ends, examples femur, humerus

A

long bones

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9
Q

bone that is equal in width and length, cube like, examples tarsals and carpals

A

short bones

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10
Q

bone that is thin and sheet-like, examples ribs, cranial bones and sternum

A

flat bones

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11
Q

bone that does not fit into the other categories, most bones of the face, vertebrae, and hip bones

A

irregular bones

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12
Q

bone that is triangular in shape, has a base and an apex, examples - patellar

A

sesamoid

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13
Q

this part of the long bone are the proximal and distal ends, they consist mostly of spongy bone

A

epiphysis

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14
Q

the narrow middle portion of the long bone that is mostly compact bone, known as the shaft

A

diaphysis

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15
Q

this part of the long bone provides cushioning at the ends of long bones, provides friction and absorbs shock

A

articular cartilage (hyaline)

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16
Q

this part of the long bone is found in the epiphyses, it is cartilage at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis that provides space for growing the length of the bone

A

epiphyseal plate in growing bone

epiphyseal line in bones done growing

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17
Q

this part of the long bone is the hollow space or cavity of the diaphysis and contains yellow marrow

A

medullary cavity

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18
Q

this part of the long bone is the membrane that surrounds the outside of the bone, it contains bone-forming cells to add width to the bone, and is the attachment point for tendons and ligaments

A

periosteum

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19
Q

this part of the long bone lines the inside of the medullary cavity it also contains a layer of bone-forming cells

A

endosteum

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20
Q

what are the 4 types of bone cells? (all O’s)

A

osteogenic cell
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

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21
Q

these bone cells divide and make new cells, mitosis (derived from connective tissue, stem cells)

A

osteogenic cell

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22
Q

these bone cells initiate bone growth, or make new bone (derived from connective tissue, stem cells)

A

osteoblasts

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23
Q

these bone cells are the mature bone cells that perform maintenance function (derived from connective tissue, stem cells)

A

osteocytes

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24
Q

these bone cells breakdown bone extracellular matrix, responsible for clearing out old bone (resorption) (different and separate from all other bone cells, derived from white blood cells)

A

osteoclasts

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25
Q

structural unit of compact bone (repeating circles)

A

osteon

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26
Q

the center portion of compact bone (hole in the bone) holds blood vessels and nerves

A

central canal

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27
Q

each of the individual rings of compact bone

A

lamellae

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28
Q

(little pockets) that contain osteocytes

A

lacunae

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29
Q

these are little small channels between the lacunae, they run perpendicular to lamellae, little canals connecting the osteocytes to blood in the central canal

A

canaliculi

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30
Q

these run across the bone; supply the bone with blood vessels, they carry blood from outside the bone into the central canals and they run perpendicular as well.

A

perforating canal

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31
Q

this type of bone does not contain osteons (no tree rings)

A

spongy bone

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32
Q

the spongy bone contains irregular columns of bone called

A

trabeculae

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33
Q

the spongy bone is the site of what production?

A

blood cells

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34
Q

some spongy bones in adults are filled with what

A

red marrow (ribs, pelvis)

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35
Q

which type of bone tissue is responsible for blood cell production?

A

spongy bone

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36
Q

what are the 2 methods of bone growth? (within membrane formation, and inside cartilage)

A

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

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37
Q

which type of bone growth occurs in flat bones like the skull

A

intramembranous ossification

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38
Q

which type of bone growth occurs in most of the bones in the body

A

endochondral ossification

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39
Q

this type of bone growth (?) forms directly from a type of fetal tissue known as?

A

intramembranous ossification

mesenchyme

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40
Q

this type of bone growth (?) is caused by (?) cartilage that hardens to form bone.

A

endochondral ossification

hyaline cartilage hardens to form bone

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41
Q

where is the primary ossification center located, and what does it form?

A

located in the diaphysis and forms compact bone

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42
Q

where is the secondary ossification center located, ad what does it form?

A

located in the epiphysis and forms spongy bone

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43
Q

what are the four steps to intramembranous ossification? (otters come to play(mate))

A

1) ossification center develops (osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix)
2) calcification: (calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens))
3) formation of trabeculae: (extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone)
4) development of the periosteum: (mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into periosteum)

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44
Q

what are the six steps of endochondral ossification?

develop, grow, primary, middle, secondary, college& employment

A

1) development of cartilage model: (mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model)
2) growth of cartilage model: (growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes)
3) development of primary ossification center: (in this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue replaces most of the cartilage)
4) development of the medullary cavity: (bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity)
5) Development of secondary ossification center: (these occur in the epiphysis of the bone)
6) Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: (both structures consist of hyaline cartilage)

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45
Q

found in the diaphysis and forms compact bone

A

primary ossification center

46
Q

found in the epiphysis and forms spongy bone

A

secondary ossification center

47
Q

when we are adults our bodies perform this ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue.

A

bone remodeling

48
Q

what are the two processes of bone remodeling?

A

resorption and deposition

49
Q

this process of bone remodeling (?) gets rid of bone we don’t need by dissolving and breaking it down using what?

A

resorption using osteoclasts

50
Q

this process of bone remodeling (?) lays down or makes new bone tissue and puts it in the appropriate place where it is needed using what?

A

deposition using osteoblasts

51
Q

what triggers bone remodeling?

A

exercise, sedentary lifestyle, changes in diet, and hormonal changes

52
Q

this type of bone fracture is also called a compound fracture and involves broken pieces of the bone protruding from the skin.

A

open fracture

53
Q

this type of bone fracture is also called a simple fracture and involves the bone breaking into pieces but the pieces do not protrude out of the skin.

A

closed fracture

54
Q

this type of bone fracture is when the bone is broken into two or more pieces

A

complete fracture

55
Q

this type of bone fracture is when the bone is cracked rather than broken into pieces (greenstick)

A

partial fracture

56
Q

name the four types of fractures

A

open
closed
complete
partial

57
Q

name the 8 cranial bones

A 
occipital
frontal 
temporal (2)
parietal (2)
ethmoid
sphenoid
58
Q

membranous structures that connect the cranial bones as an infant.

A

fontanels

59
Q

which bones are included in the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribcage

60
Q

which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton

A

all of the bones in the appendages
the pelvic girdle
the pectoral girdle

61
Q

which cranial bone contains the foramen magnum and hat is the purpose of this bone structure?

A

occipital bone, the foramen magnum allows passage of the spinal cord, blood vessels and nerves from the brain to the spinal cord.

62
Q

surround and protect the brain and sensory organs

A

cranial bones

63
Q

form the underlying structure of the face; support teeth

A

facial bones

64
Q

protect internal organs, assist in breathing

A

bones of the rib cage, the sternum and the ribs

65
Q

surround and protect the spinal cord; support for upper part of body; provide attachment for muscles

A

vertebral column, or backbone made up of 26 vertebrae

66
Q

cartilaginous pads between vertebrae; absorb shock; permit flexibility

A

intervertebral disks

67
Q

protects knee joint

A

patella

68
Q

name the 7 required facial bones

A 
nasal
vomer
zygomatic 
lacrimal (tearducts)
maxillae
palatine
mandible
69
Q

not part of the nose but connected to it, used for producing the unique sounds we make when talking or singing

A

paranasal sinuses

70
Q

the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone but is an attachment site for ligaments, muscles of the tongue and anterior neck

A

hyoid bone

71
Q

what is the name of the 5 section of the vertebral column and how many bones are in each of the three sections of the vertebral column?

A 
7 cervical vertebrae
c1 - atlas
c2 - axis
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
72
Q

the fibrocartilage that acts as shock absorbers to cushion the vertebrae

A

intervertebral discs

73
Q

what are the four major curves of the spine and which way do they curve

A

cervical curves forward
thoracic curves backward
lumbar curves forward
pelvic curves backward

74
Q

name the three types of curvature abnormalities (sisters, Korina & Laneta)

A

scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis

75
Q

in this abnormal curvature the vertebral column bends laterally to varying degrees of severity

A

scoliosis

76
Q

in this abnormal curvature there is an accentuated curvature of the thoracic spine causing hump back

A

kyphosis

77
Q

in this abnormal curvature there is an accentuated curvature of the lumbar spine causing the abdomen to protrude

A

lordosis

78
Q

name the three groups of ribs

A

1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
11, 12 floating ribs

79
Q

these ribs attach directly to the sternum

A

true ribs

80
Q

these ribs attach indirectly to the sternum through cartilage

A

false ribs

81
Q

these ribs do not attach to the sternum at all and are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae

A

floating ribs

82
Q

what bones make up the pectoral girdle

A

clavicle, scapula, and spine

83
Q

describe the structure of the shoulder joint

A

ball and socket - head of humerus is ball and glenoid cavity is socket, this allows for a wide range of movement

84
Q

what is the rotator cuff?

A

a group of 4 muscles that provide the most strength to the shoulder joint, they sit on the front and back of the shoulder joint to reinforce it.

85
Q

which bone is associated with the olecranon process

A

ulna

86
Q

which bone is associated with the spine

A

pectoral girdle

87
Q

which bone is associated with the styloid process

A

radius

88
Q

which bone is associated with the tibial tuberosity

A

tibia

89
Q

which bone is associated with the lateral malleolus

A

fibula

90
Q

which bone is associated with the medial malleolus

A

tibia

91
Q

how many carpals are there, make up the what

A

8 wrist

92
Q

how many metacarpals are there, make up the what

A

5 hand

93
Q

how many phalanges are there, make up the what

A

14 fingers

94
Q

what bones make up the pelvic girdle

A

two hip bones known as OS Coxa joined at the front by the pubic synthesis

95
Q

name the three fused bones of a coxal bone

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

96
Q

which joint is created where the forearm bones meet the humerus and describe the type of joint.

A

elbow joint which is a hinge joint - these ligaments are often injured by pitchers

97
Q

how many tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges are there

A

7 tarsals make up ankle
5 metatarsals make up foot
14 phalanges make up toes

98
Q

what kind of joint is the knee

A

hinge joint

99
Q

the pad of cartilage that cushions the knee

A

meniscus

100
Q

the two most commonly injured ligaments of the knee, and their locations

A

ACL Anterior cruciate ligament - extends posteriorly and laterally from the tibia to the femur
MCL - Medial collateral ligament - located on the medial side of the knee, ATTACHES THE FEMUR TO THE TIBIA

101
Q

DESCRIBE THE THREE DIFFREENCES BETWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE PELVIS

A

male narrower and female wider
male large hip socket female smaller hip socket
male small pelvic opening less than 90 degrees female large pelvic opening more than 90 degrees

102
Q

this is a condition in which the bone becomes more porous because calcium is lost more that it is absorbed from the diet.

A

osteoporosis

103
Q

what happens to the bones when osteoporosis is present

A

bones can fracture spontaneously from sitting down too fast or bumping into something.

104
Q

who is more likely to be affected by osteoporosis and why

A

older women are more likely to be affected than older men because they go through menopause which causes them to stop making estrogen, which in turn means that osteoblast aren’t making new bone and osteoclasts are breaking down bone faster

105
Q 
Long bones develop by:
a - Hemopoiesis
b - Metaphysical ossification.
c - Endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification.
d - Intramembranous ossification.
e - Endochondral ossification.
A

e - Endochondral ossification.

106
Q 
Blood vessels travel through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to supply the rings of bone with nutrients.
a - perforating canals
b - canaliculi
c  osteons
d - lamellae
A

a - perforating canals

107
Q 
Osteocytes are connected to one another and to a blood supply via
a - canaliculi
b - osteons
c - lamellae
d - central canals
A

a - canaliculi

108
Q

The secondary ossification center
a - stores triglycerides and produces red blood cells.
b - produces red blood cells.
c - consists of mainly adipose cells.
d - stores triglycerides.
e - stores triglycerides and consists mainly of adipose tissue.

A

e - stores triglycerides and consists mainly of adipose tissue.

109
Q

The secondary ossification center
a - appears in the diaphysis.
b - forms spongy bone during endochondral ossification.
c - forms compact bone at the epiphyses of long bones.
d - forms during intramembranous ossification.

A

b - forms spongy bone during endochondral ossification.

110
Q 
There are an equal number of 
a - cervical and thoracic vertebrae
b - true and false ribs
c - carpals and tarsals
d - metacarpals and metatarsals
A

d - metacarpals and metatarsals

111
Q 
Which is not a structure found in compact bone?
a - lamellae
b - osteons
c - lacunae
d - canaliculi
e - trabeculae
A

e - trabeculae

Biology 5 (27 decks)

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