Chapter 6 French and iTalian music in the 14th century

Question 1

14th century France and italy

Answer 1

Economy declines, famine, war HUNDRED YEAR WAR plague BLACK DEATH, conflicts with church, revolutions but remarkable creativity interplay between structure and pleasure, engasign melodies, chromatic inflections, more frequent imperfect consonances, new rhythm and meter
Inventions eye glasses, compass and clocks

Question 2

Isorhythm

Answer 2

is a musical technique using a repeating rhythmic pattern, called a talea, in at least one voice part throughout a composition.

Question 3

Best known composers

Answer 3

Guillaume de Machaut and Francesco Landini. Secular and sacred
Machaut’s setting of the mass ordinary is the most famous piece of the century

Question 4

Roman de Fauvel

Answer 4

allegorical narrative poem - made into pieces of music

Question 5

Ars nova

Answer 5

Latin for new art) refers to a musical style which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in the late Middle Ages: more particularly, in the period between the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel (1310s) and the death of composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377.

Question 6

Philippe de Vitry

Answer 6

(31 October 1291 – 9 June 1361) was a French composer, music theorist and poet. He was an accomplished, innovative, and influential composer, and may also have been the author of the Ars Nova treatise. Motets were in the Roman de Fauvel used isorhythm

Question 7

New rhythmic freedom, Talea, mensuration, color

Answer 7

duple, Minims smaller than semibreves, new meters ,syncopation mensuration signs time signatures treatise by Jehan des Murs
Talea repeating rhythmic units in motets tenors,
Color recurring segment of melody
Example Vtiry’s In arboris/ Tuba sacre fidei/ Virgo sum. Duple and triple groupings

Question 8

Hockey

Answer 8

two voices alternate in rapid succession, each resting while the other sings. VITRY

Question 9

Guillaume de Machaut

Answer 9

was a French poet and composer of late Medieval music who was the central figure of the ars nova style. Immensely influential, Machaut is regarded as the most important composer and poet of the 14th century and is the first significant composer whose name is known.] Machaut composed in a wide range of styles and forms and was crucial in developing the motet (23) and secular song forms (particularly the lai and the formes fixes: rondeau, virelai and ballade). Machaut wrote the Messe de Nostre Dame, the earliest known complete polyphonic setting of the Ordinary of the Mass attributable to a single composer (1350). Some of his best-known rondeaus are Ma fin est mon commencement and Rose, liz, printemps, verdure.

Question 10

Contratenor

Answer 10

above the tenor a second supporting voice, same range as the tenor

Question 11

Virelai

Answer 11

(nature and feelings of love) one of the three formes fixes (ballade -serious and rondeau-love) in which text and music have particular patterns of repetition including a refrain. 3 stanzas A bba A bba A bba A (A=refrain)

Question 12

Chansons

Answer 12

french for songs polyphonic in treble dominated style. In this style the upper voice is carrying the text called the treble or cantus principal line support by a slower moving tenor without text

Question 13

Ballades

Answer 13

3 stanzas, sung with same music and ending with same line of poetry. Stanza- aab

Question 14

Rondeaux

Answer 14

has a refrain but only has one stanza and the refrain is in two sections and includes all the music.

Question 15

Ars Subitlior

Answer 15

is a musical style characterized by rhythmic and notational complexity, centered on Paris, Avignon in southern France, and also in northern Spain at the end of the fourteenth century 14th century ex Belle, bonne sage by Baude Cordier & vierlai - Sus une fontayne by Johannes Ciconia

Question 16

Italian trecento music

Answer 16

Music most music wasn’t written down , most left are secular polyphonic songs end of 14th you see french influence. Squarcialupi Codex- breves can be separate even more. Used dots to separate like barlines - madrigals, cccia and ballata

Question 17

14th century madrigal

Answer 17

is a song for 2 or 3 voice without instruments, all voice since same text, pastoral, love, satirical, idyllic . 2 or more 3 line stanzas followed by a closing pair of lines called ritornello. Fenice fu by Jacopo da Bologna

Question 18

Caccia

Answer 18

popular song set to a strict cannon “hunt” ex Ghiradellos da Firenze’s Tosto che l’alba

Question 19

Ballata

Answer 19

Ballata polyphonic a songto accompany dancing AbbaA refrain sung before and after a stanza

Question 20

Francesco Landini

Answer 20

wrote ballate ) was an Italian composer, organist, singer, poet and instrument maker. He was one of the most famous and revered composers of the second half of the 14th century, and by far the most famous composer in Italy.

Question 21

instrumentation in 14th century/ instruments

Answer 21

No uniform way to perfrom piece- instrumentation
Distinguished instruments by loudness haut for loud high and bas for low harps, vielles, lutes, psalteries, organs flutes and recorders cornetts kettle drums .. addition of Stops in organza to select different pipes

Question 22

Musica ficta

Answer 22

Musica ficta chromatic alterations, raised or lowered notes by a semitone to avoid tritone
Cadences on C, D, F, G and A often used the double leading tone cadence that included chromatic alterations, and the unique voice leading in the cadence on E became known as the

Question 23

Phrygian cadence

Answer 23

Never wrote down alterations singers were meant to know when to do it.