Chapter 17 italy and germany in the late 17th century

Question 1

da capo aria

Answer 1

ABA first sections is a small two part form, two different setting of the same text each introduced by a ritornello.

Question 2

Alessandro Scarlatti

Answer 2

1660-1725 wrote over 600 cantatas ex Clori vezzosa, e bella (da capo) 2 recit aria pairs, wide harmonic range, used dim 7th chords which was rare at the time. Also used the new Neapolitan 6th 1st inversion triad on the flatted 2nd

Question 3

Barbara Strozzi

Answer 3

1619 - 1677) was an Italian singer and composer of the Baroque Period. During her lifetime, Strozzi published eight volumes of her own music, r compositions are firmly rooted in the seconda pratica tradition. mostly secular lagrime Mie

Question 4

Serenata

Answer 4

a semi dramatic piece for several singers and small orchestra, for a special occasion. One of the first to write serenatas was Alessandro Stradella 1639-1682

Question 5

Church music- 17th century

Answer 5

continued old contrapuntal style with new things like basso continuo and solo singers. Ex Messa a cappella 1679 by Cazzati oratorios done a places when theatres were closed

Question 6

Instrumental music- 17th century

Answer 6

violin makers Amati and Stradivari- string music sonata and instrumental concerto.

Question 7

Sonata 17th century

Answer 7

Sonatas parts became longer/ multi movement works 2 types Sonata da camera or chamber sonata- series of stylized dances, often beginning with a prelude. Sonata da chiesa or church sonata most abstract movements, often including one or more that used dance rhythms or binary forms. Both usually had 2 treble instruments and bass continuo Trio sonata- 3 part texture - could have more instruments if continuo is divided up

Question 8

Arcangelo corelli

Answer 8

1653-1713 wrote trio and solo sonatas, crowning achievement of 17th century italian chamber music. Trio sonata emphasized lyricism over virtuosity. 2 violins were treated equally ex Trio sonata in D major op 3 no 2 - used walking bass- steady moving pattern of 8th notes under free imitation in the violins

Question 9

Church sonatas 4 movements

Answer 9

slow fast slow fast- common for many composers 1st contrapuntal, majetic 2nd allegro, fugal imitation, 3rd lyric operatic duet in triple meter 4th dance like rhythms

Question 10

Baroque style

Answer 10

Spinning out of a single theme where the original idea seems to generate a spontaneous flow of musical thoughts = baroque style TONAL not modal suspensions and sequences, progression of circle of 5ths
Started to differentiate between chamber music and orchestral

Question 11

Orchestra music

Answer 11

Orchestra sonata 1700s - work in several movements that emphasized the 1st violin part and the bass- different than sonata
Concerto grosso set a small ensemble of solo instruments against a large ensemble ex Corelli’s concerti grossi op 6 1680s larger group echos the smaller
Solo concerto a single instrument contrasted with a large ensemble.
Ripieno full orchestra Tutti all

Question 12

Giuseppe TOrelli

Answer 12

1658-1709 composed orchestral concert, solo and concerto grosso 1st concertos ever published ex op 6 1698 2 solo violin concertos

Question 13

Stadtpfeifer

Answer 13

town musicians who had the exclusive rights to provide music in the city. Jack of all trades family musicians bach family!

Question 14

Turmsonaten

Answer 14

chorlas sonatas, played daily on winder instruments from the tower.

Question 15

Collegium musicum

Answer 15

an association of amateurs from the educated middle class who gather to play and sing together for their own pleasure

Question 16

Opera 17th century German

Answer 16

Opera- italian composers welcomed Pallavicino and Steffani. First public opera house opened in Hamburg 1678. German composers of the 17th century Reinhard Keiser 1674-1739
Reinhard Keiser 1674-1739 wrote individual songs and arias as well as canatas in italian and german, Most notable song and cantata write was adam Krieger 163401666, strophic, short, 5 part ritornellos

Question 17

Catholic church music-

Answer 17

encouraged, preludes, ritornellos large choruses Polychoral music ex Missa salisburgensis by Heinrich Biber 1644-1704 16 singers and 37 instrumentalists.
Lutheran divided into large works (orthodox) and simple music - song book Praxis Pietatis melica 1647. Orthodoc concertato choral ex Wachet auf by Dieterich Buxtehude 1637-1707

Question 18

Lutheran Organ music

Answer 18

golden age 1650-1750 composers Buxtehude, and George Bohm

Central group in Saxony and Thuringia Johann Christoph Bach 1652-1703 and Johann Pachelbel 1653-1706 Pachelbel’s cannon

Question 19

Organ builders

Answer 19

Organ builders Arp Schnitger 1648-1718 and Gottfried Silbermann 1683-1753 - colorful stops (french), dividing pipes into main group and subsidiary groups each with it’s own keyboard and pipes (dutch) Hauptwerk high above player, Brustwerk in front of player and oberwerk pedal organ, Ruckpositiv choir organ. Organ music prelude to something else.
Buxtehude’s toccatas series of short sections in free style that alternate with longer ones in imitative counterpoint ex Praeludium in E major BUX WV141

Question 20

Fugues

Answer 20

• both independent pieces and a section within preludes and toccatas. 17th century designation for pieces in imitative counterpoint.

Question 21

Exposition

Answer 21

independent voies enter with the theme in turn

Question 22

Answer

Answer 22

Answer second entrance, normally begins on the dominant . Other voices alternate subject and answer

Question 23

Episodes

Answer 23

Episodes 17th century, fugue period of free counterpoint between statements of the subjects.

Question 24

Organ Chorales

Answer 24

Organ Chorales tunes were enhanced by harmony and counterpoint- choral settings for organ

Question 25

Chorale prelude

Answer 25

Chorale prelude denote a short piece in which the entire melody is presented just once in readily recognizable form. Chorale tune ex Buxtehude Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland

Question 26

Diminution

Answer 26

Diminution shorter notes, precedes each phrase by a brief imitative development in other voices .
Harpsichord suite french style brought to germany by Froberger

Question 27

Orchestral suite

Answer 27

Orchestral suite german dances of these suites (Like lully) did not appear in any standard number or order. Collection of orchestral suites Florilegium by Gerog Muffat bring french style to germany
Sonatas- solo sonata attracted most interest. Most famous was Heinrich Biber’s Mystery Sonatas for violin 1675- meditations on episodes in the life of christ.

Question 28

Scordatura

Answer 28

Scordatura unusual tunings of the violin strings to facilitate the playing of particular notes or chords
Johann Kuhnau 1660-1722 transferred the 17th century sonata to keyboard in 1692 Frische Clavier Fruchte 1696
Corelli influenced Handel BACH