Chapter 14 the invention of Opera

Question 1

Opera

Answer 1

creators drew on ideas about ancient tragedy and on the content of modern genres.
Opera drama with continuous or nearly continuous music that is staged with scenery, costumes and action.

Question 2

Libretto

Answer 2

text for an opera. Usually rhymed or unrhymed verse.

Question 3

Pastoral drama

Answer 3

source for opera, a play in erse with music and songs , derived from ancient greek and rome pastoral poems ex first to be staged Angelo Poliziano’s Favola d’Orfeo 1471

Question 4

Madrigals

Answer 4

also influenced opera. Composers experience in expressing emotion and dramatizing text through music.

Question 5

Madrigal comedy

Answer 5

composers grouped madrigals in a series to represent a succession of scenes or a simple plot . ex L’Amfiparnaso 1594 by Orazio Vecchi 1550-1605

Question 6

Intermedio

Answer 6

most direct source of opera. A musical interlude on a pastoral, allegorical, or mythological subject performed between acts of a play. Started because there was no curtain to close between acts/ marked divisions and passage of time - difference from opera is dramatic singing and a plot. Ex those for the comedy play La pellegrina 1589
Composers- Cavalieri 1550-1602 Rinuccini 1562-1621, Peri 1561-1633 and Guilio Caccini 1550-1618

Question 7

Giovanni de’ Bardi

Answer 7

(1534-16120 Bardi is mainly famous for being host, patron, and inspiration to the group of composers, music theorists and scholars who made up the Florentine Camerata, the group which attempted to restore the aesthetic effect of ancient Greek music to contemporary practice.

Question 8

Girolamo Mei

Answer 8

(27 May 1519 – July 1594) was an Italian historian and humanist, famous in music history for providing the intellectual impetus to the Florentine Camerata, which attempted to revive ancient Greek music drama.

Question 9

The Florentine Camerata

Answer 9

also known as the Camerata de’ Bardi, were a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de’ Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama. after first meeting in 1573, the activity of the Camerata reached its height between 1577 and 1582.[4] While propounding a revival of the Greek dramatic style, the Camerata’s musical experiments led to the development of the stile recitativo. In this way it facilitated the composition of dramatic music and the development of opera. Other members Galilei and Giulio Caccini

Question 10

Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna

Answer 10

1581 attacked vocal counterpoint by Galilei with inspiration from Mei. only solo melody could enhance speech inflections

Question 11

Monody

Answer 11

all style of accompanied solo singing practiced in the late 16th and early 17th centuries

Question 12

Arias

Answer 12

at this time could mean any setting of strophic poetry e. Caccinis Le nuove musiche voice and continuo 1590s published 1602

Question 13

Solo madrigal

Answer 13

a through composed setting of a non strophic poem for a solo voice with accompaniment

Question 14

Dafne

Answer 14

written by Peris based on Rinuccinis pastoral poem 1598 1st opera modeled on greek play

Question 15

L’Euridice

Answer 15

1600 Peri set Rinccini’s pastoral drama- music powers to move emotions
Send version with settings by caccini who would not allow his singers to perform music composed by others. Caccinis- lyrical, melodies, peri’s- dramatic, new ways to imitate speech - earliest surviving operas

Question 16

Recitative style

Answer 16

invented by Peri, a type of vocal singing that approached speech and follows the natural rhythms of the text , steady basso continuo , violate rules of counterpoint to imitate speech

Question 17

Ritornello

Answer 17

instrumental refrain separating the strophes in an aria.

Question 18

Sinfonia

Answer 18

abstract ensemble piece, especially one that serves as a prelude.

Question 19

Claudio Monteverdi

Answer 19

and L’Orfeo first person to show full potential of opera. 1607 librettist Alessandro Striggio 5 acts used more instruments -recorders, cornetts, trumpets, trombones, strings, double harp and continuo regal- organ. Opera had monody, balletto, duets, dances, ensemble madrigals
Tancredi e Clorina 1624 monteverdi a short work blending music and mine.
Used stile concitato rapid reiteration on a single note, whether on quickly spoken syllables or in a measures string tremolo. L’incoronazione di Poppea 1643 stylistic variety.

Question 20

Strophic variations

Answer 20

wrote out each strope varying the melody and the duration of the harmonies to reflect the accentuation and meaning of the text. Ex aria Possente spirto

Question 21

Recitativo arioso

Answer 21

a passage or selection in an opera or other vocal work in a style that lies somewhere between recitative style and aria style.

Question 22

Florence opera

Answer 22

italy Francesca Caccini La liberazione di Ruggiero dall’isola d’Alcina 1625 billed as a ballet but had all the things of an opera sinfonia prologue, recit arias choruses

Question 23

Rome/ Castrati opera

Answer 23

Rome- Stefano Landi 1587-1639 Sant’ Alessio 1632 libretto by Rospigliosi
Castrati males who were castrated before puberty to preserve their high vocal range. No women singers professionally.

Question 24

Venice opera

Answer 24

Venice- 1637 first public opera house Teatro San Cassiano 3 acts instead of 5 more arias lesson chooses and dances due to money COMPOSErs Francesco Cavalli 1602-1276 and Antonio Cesti 1623-1669- Giasone 1649 SINGERS were MOST IMportant paid a lot - Signora Girolama and Giulia Masotti Anna Renzi diva

Question 25

Cesti/ Orontea

Answer 25

ITalian opera moved aboard Cesti composted in Vienna il pomo d’oro 1667
Orontea composed by cesti 1656 most frequently performed operas in 17th century romantic and comic scenes with high and low characters not greek tragedy.action unfolds in recit.
Opera (1) concentration on solo singing (2) separation of recit and aria (3) use of varied styles