Chapter 21 instrumental music: Sonata, symphony and concerto at midcentury Flashcards
18th century
Periodic phrasing, songlike melodies, diverse material, contrasts in texture and styles, touches of drama. PIANo, string quartet , symphony and sonata form.
Piano/ pianoforte
replaced the harpsichord and clavichord. Invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in florence in 1700. Dynamics through touch alone. Keyboard often took lead in chamber music when the parts of the keyboard was fully written out.Due to the fact that women learned piano and had more time to practice.
String quartet
chamber music for 2-5 strings alone. 2 violins, viola and cello. Concertant quartets- all parts are of equal importance.
Clarinet was invented around 1710.
18th century orchestra was around 25 players. Much smaller than todays.
galant style-
expressive melody, short phrases, arranged in periods over light accomp. Mostly major mode
Sonata form
typical form for the first movement of the sonata, chamber work or symphony from the classical period. 19th century 3 part structure. 18th century it was a 2 part form organized by phrases structure and harmony Koch’s intro essay on composition 1793 1st mov. expanded binary form pg 511
Exposition
usually repeated with a first theme or group of themes in the tonic, a transition to the dominant or relative major, a second lyrical theme or group in the new key and a closing theme or cadential reinforcement in the same key
Development
modulates through keys, possible remote ones, and in which motives or themes from the exposition are presented in new aspects or combinations
Recapitulation
material of the exposition is restated in the original order but with all themes in the tonic.
May have a slow intro before the expo or a coda after the recap that revisits one or more themes and confirms the tonic key
Slow-mov sonata form
slow movements, omits 1st period of the second section, no reapers
Variations
form slow mov, presents small binary form as a theme and several embellished variants.
Minuet and trio
form joins two binary form minuets repeating the 1st after playing the 2nd ABA
Rondo
form last movements, small binary form or single period theme, alternates with other periods called episodes ABACADA
Domenico Scarlatti
1685-1757 original and creative keyboard composer. 30 harpsichord sonatas 1738 Essercizi. 555 sonatas. Not galant style. Diverse used of figuration. Spanish influence livedi n portugal.
Rounded Binary Form
Rounded Binary Form binary form in which the latter part of the first section returns at the end of the second section but in the tonic
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
German oratorios, songs, symphonies, concertos and chamber music . Most important was keyboard music. iEssay on the True Art of Playing keyboard instruments 1753-62- musical thought and practice during the 18th century Wrote originally for the Clavichord although his later works seem to be written for keyboard. 3 movement pattern for the sonata. Empfindsam style. - can see it in the 2nd movement of the 4th of his Sechs Clavier- Sonaten fur Kenner und Liebhaber. 1765. Galant style expressive melody, short phrases., periods light accomp, unexpected harmonic shifts, dynamics.