chapter 5 part 2

Question 1

factors regulating bone growth

Answer 1

nutrition, calcium ions, phosphate ions, magnesium ions, citrate, carbonate ions, sodium ions, vit a, c, d (calcitriol)
-calcitriol is the active form of Vit D and helps you absorb calcium without both you cant make bone

Question 2

hormones (parathyroid gland)

Answer 2

release parathyroid hormone (raise calcium by stimulating osteoblasts to break down bone) and stimulates osteoclasts
-also increases calcium ion absorption from the small intestine

Question 3

hormones (thyroid glands)

Answer 3

release calcitonin (stimulate osteblasts to lay down more bone)
-inhibits osteoclasts and removes calcium ions from blood and adds to bone
-release thyroxine (T4) (maintains normal activity of epiphyseal cartilage)

Question 4

homrones (pituitary gland)

Answer 4

releases growth hormone (somatotropin)
-maintains normal activity of epiphyseal cartilage

Question 5

aging

Answer 5

-young= osteoblast activity balances with osteoclast activity
-older= osteoblast activity slows faster than osteoclast activity which makes bone become porous
-estrogen keeps osteoclast activity under control by inhibiting osteoblasts

Question 6

menopause

Answer 6

estrogen and progesterone decrease, increases activity of osteoblasts which can lead to osteoporosis (porous bone)

Question 7

Injury

Answer 7

-bone breaks it bleeds
-network of spongy bone forms
-osteoblasts are overly activated resulting in a large calloused area
-reults in a stronger and thicker than normal bone

Question 8

7 categories of bone

Answer 8

sutural bones, irregular, short, pneumatized, flat, long sesamoid

Question 9

sutural bones

Answer 9

skull bones have sutures where they fuse

Question 10

pneumatized bone

Answer 10

hollow bones with air holes (sinuses)

Question 11

flat bones

Answer 11

layer of compact bone on both side and spongy bone in the middle (parietal bone) temple

Question 12

long bones

Answer 12

fingers, legs, etc…

Question 13

sesamoid bones

Answer 13

all are formed inside tendons, some ppl have extra ones in their feed, shapped like sesame seed (patella)

Question 14

irregular bones

Answer 14

vertabrae

Question 15

short bones

Answer 15

small and boxy (carpal bones)

Question 16

bone marrow biopsy

Answer 16

screw in instruments into spongy bone, remove it like a cork screw, pull marrow out (done to sternum or more likely pelvis)

Question 17

bone marking

Answer 17

-projections
-depressions
-fissures
-foramina
-canals (meatuses)

Question 18

trochanter

Answer 18

bone markings where muscle and tendons attach

Question 19

process

Answer 19

cheek bone

Question 20

ramus

Answer 20

branch (branch of mandable)
-any projection of bone making an angle to the rest of the structure

Question 21

foramen

Answer 21

opening or hole in bone (intraorbital on cheek near nose)

Question 22

frontal and sphenoid bones

Answer 22

have sinuses

Question 23

meatus

Answer 23

an external one (ear canal) and an internal one
-passage way through substance of the bone

Question 24

fossa

Answer 24

shallow depression

Question 25

iliac crest

Answer 25

top of the pelvis

Question 26

large foramen

Answer 26

hole in the pelvis bottom (rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves)

Question 27

crest

Answer 27

prominent ridge