chapter 5 part 2 Flashcards
factors regulating bone growth
nutrition, calcium ions, phosphate ions, magnesium ions, citrate, carbonate ions, sodium ions, vit a, c, d (calcitriol)
-calcitriol is the active form of Vit D and helps you absorb calcium without both you cant make bone
hormones (parathyroid gland)
release parathyroid hormone (raise calcium by stimulating osteoblasts to break down bone) and stimulates osteoclasts
-also increases calcium ion absorption from the small intestine
hormones (thyroid glands)
release calcitonin (stimulate osteblasts to lay down more bone)
-inhibits osteoclasts and removes calcium ions from blood and adds to bone
-release thyroxine (T4) (maintains normal activity of epiphyseal cartilage)
homrones (pituitary gland)
releases growth hormone (somatotropin)
-maintains normal activity of epiphyseal cartilage
aging
-young= osteoblast activity balances with osteoclast activity
-older= osteoblast activity slows faster than osteoclast activity which makes bone become porous
-estrogen keeps osteoclast activity under control by inhibiting osteoblasts
menopause
estrogen and progesterone decrease, increases activity of osteoblasts which can lead to osteoporosis (porous bone)
Injury
-bone breaks it bleeds
-network of spongy bone forms
-osteoblasts are overly activated resulting in a large calloused area
-reults in a stronger and thicker than normal bone
7 categories of bone
sutural bones, irregular, short, pneumatized, flat, long sesamoid
sutural bones
skull bones have sutures where they fuse
pneumatized bone
hollow bones with air holes (sinuses)
flat bones
layer of compact bone on both side and spongy bone in the middle (parietal bone) temple
long bones
fingers, legs, etc…
sesamoid bones
all are formed inside tendons, some ppl have extra ones in their feed, shapped like sesame seed (patella)
irregular bones
vertabrae
short bones
small and boxy (carpal bones)
bone marrow biopsy
screw in instruments into spongy bone, remove it like a cork screw, pull marrow out (done to sternum or more likely pelvis)
bone marking
-projections
-depressions
-fissures
-foramina
-canals (meatuses)
trochanter
bone markings where muscle and tendons attach
process
cheek bone
ramus
branch (branch of mandable)
-any projection of bone making an angle to the rest of the structure
foramen
opening or hole in bone (intraorbital on cheek near nose)
frontal and sphenoid bones
have sinuses
meatus
an external one (ear canal) and an internal one
-passage way through substance of the bone
fossa
shallow depression
iliac crest
top of the pelvis
large foramen
hole in the pelvis bottom (rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves)
crest
prominent ridge
