chapter 19 part 2 Flashcards
hypothyroid
-t3 and t4 are low
-slow thyroid
-high tsh
calcitonin
-inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts
-causes a decrease in blood calcium ion concentration by stimulating excretion at the kidneys and calcium ions do not leave the bones bc of no osteoclast activity
-lay down more bone (osteoblast)
T4
-thyroxine
-targets general cells
-increase in metabolism
T3
-triiodothyronine
-general cells
-increase metabolism
negative feedback cycle (thyroid) (to restore t3 and 4 levels)
- decrease t3 and t4
- release TRH (thyrotropin) from hypothalamus
- TRH target adenophypophysis
- causes release of TSH (thy. stim. horm.)
- TSH target thyroid
- release t3 and t4
- normal levels of t3 and t4
parathyroid glands
-on posterior part of thyroid
-highly vascularized
-2 pairs, superior and inferior
superior thyroid artery
supplies the superior parathyroid
interior thyroid artery
supplies the inferior parathyroid
release of parathyroid hormone
-targets osteoclasts and kidneys
-osteoclasts cells remove calcium ions from bone (build bone)
-increase blood calcium levels
-kidney reduce calcium ion excretion which increases blood calcium levels
-cause kidneys to produce calcitriol (vit D)
calcitronin
-causes small intestine to absorb calcium ions into the blood stream and increases calcium ion levels
thymus gland
-posterior to sternum
-smaller in adults (hard to find)
-in kids it takes up the mediastinum
thymosin production
-targets lymphocytes
-lymphocytes develop into t cells for immune system
suprarenal glands
-adrenal glands
-attached to the superior border of kidneys
-highly vascularized glands
-get blood from renal artery, inferior phrenic artery, middle suprarenal artery
2 parts of adrenal gland
-suprarenal medulla
-suprarenal cortex
adrenal cortex
-3 zones (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis)
adrenal medulla
produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
zona glomerulosa
-make mineralocoricoids like aldosterone
-cause water and sodium retention by raising blood pressure
-target kidney
z. fasciculata
-make glucocorticoids like cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone (anti inflammatory that are release during stress)
-target liver so it makes glucose and glycogen
-too much elevates blood sugar= diabetes
z. reticularis
-make small amounts of androgens (testosterone)
-target general cells
-development of body hair and beard hair
pancreatic beta cells
produce insulin
epinephrine and norepinephrine ON TEST
-target most cells
-increase cardiac activity (heart rate and contractions)
-increase breath rate, depth of breathing, blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and increase glycogen breakdown into glucose for fuel during fight
kidneys produce?
-renin (enzyme that raises blood pressure)
-erythropoietin (hormone to make blood)
-calcitriol (active form of vit D)
heart produces?
-atrial natriuretic peptide (hormone to lower blood pressure) ANP
-brain natriuretic peptide (hormone lowers bp) BNP
renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin
-angiotensinogen is made by liver
kidney response to low calcium
-parathyroid targets kidney
-kidney excrete less calcium
-kidney release calcitriol
-calcitriol makes small int. absorb calcium into the blood stream
-levels are raised
cholecalciferol
-vit D3
-get from skin and diet
-converted to calcidiol in liver
-converted to calcitriol in kidney
heart response to high bp
-high bp can be due to high blood volume
-detected by cells in the right atrium
-release ANP and BNP
-those will inhibit ADH and aldosterone
-lose water and sodium ions
-bp returns to normal
endocrine functions of pancreas
-consist of pancreatic islets
-make hormones, insulin and glucagon
exocrine functions of pancreas
-made of pancreatic lobules
-produce digestive enzymes
pancreas
-highly vascularized
-supplied by the pancreaticoduodenal arteries
-supplied by pancreatic arteries
-20-25 cm long
pancreatic hormones
-glucagon
-insulin
-somatostatin
-pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
glucagon
-produce alpha cells of the islets
-stimulate liver to brake down glycogen to make glucose
-stim liver to put glucose in the blood stream
-raise blood glucose levels
insulin
-produced by beta cells of the islets
-increase rate of glucose absorption by body cells
-lowers blood glucose levels
somatostatin
-produce the delta cells of the islets
-inhibits production of glucagon
-inhibits production of insulin
-slows the rate of absorption along the small int.
-inhibits growth
pancreatic polypeptide
-produced by the F cells of the islets
-inhibits gallbladder contractions
-helps regulate the production of some pancreatic enzymes
interstitial testes cells
-release testosterone
-promote sperm production
-maintain secretory glands
-influences secondary sex characteristics (puberty changes)
sustentacular cells
-release inhibin
-depress secretions of FSH
-inhibin and FSH interact to maintain sperm production levels
ovary follicular cells
produce estradiol
ovulation
-eggs ovulation caused by LH
-post ovulation the follicle becomes a corpus luteum (releases progesterone and relaxin)
progesterone
-prepares body for pregnancy
-targets enodetrial (uterine) lining
-thickens lining for implantation of fert. egg
-targets mammary tissue to prep for milk
relaxin
-preps body for pregnancy
-losens pubic symphysis
-relaxes cervical muscles
-facilitate childbirth
-stimulate mammary gland development
pineal gland
-part of the epithalamus
-has neurons, glial cells and secretory cells (pinealocytes)
pinealocytes
synthesize the hormone melatonin
melatonin
-produced at night
puberty
-sharp increase in growth hormone, testosterone, and estrogen
menopause
decrease in estrogen
men
decrease testosterone after 50
