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Anatomy > chapter 19 part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 19 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

hypothyroid

A

-t3 and t4 are low
-slow thyroid
-high tsh

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2
Q

calcitonin

A

-inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts
-causes a decrease in blood calcium ion concentration by stimulating excretion at the kidneys and calcium ions do not leave the bones bc of no osteoclast activity
-lay down more bone (osteoblast)

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3
Q

T4

A

-thyroxine
-targets general cells
-increase in metabolism

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4
Q

T3

A

-triiodothyronine
-general cells
-increase metabolism

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5
Q

negative feedback cycle (thyroid) (to restore t3 and 4 levels)

A
  1. decrease t3 and t4
  2. release TRH (thyrotropin) from hypothalamus
  3. TRH target adenophypophysis
  4. causes release of TSH (thy. stim. horm.)
  5. TSH target thyroid
  6. release t3 and t4
  7. normal levels of t3 and t4
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6
Q

parathyroid glands

A

-on posterior part of thyroid
-highly vascularized
-2 pairs, superior and inferior

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7
Q

superior thyroid artery

A

supplies the superior parathyroid

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8
Q

interior thyroid artery

A

supplies the inferior parathyroid

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9
Q

release of parathyroid hormone

A

-targets osteoclasts and kidneys
-osteoclasts cells remove calcium ions from bone (build bone)
-increase blood calcium levels
-kidney reduce calcium ion excretion which increases blood calcium levels
-cause kidneys to produce calcitriol (vit D)

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10
Q

calcitronin

A

-causes small intestine to absorb calcium ions into the blood stream and increases calcium ion levels

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11
Q

thymus gland

A

-posterior to sternum
-smaller in adults (hard to find)
-in kids it takes up the mediastinum

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12
Q

thymosin production

A

-targets lymphocytes
-lymphocytes develop into t cells for immune system

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13
Q

suprarenal glands

A

-adrenal glands
-attached to the superior border of kidneys
-highly vascularized glands
-get blood from renal artery, inferior phrenic artery, middle suprarenal artery

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14
Q

2 parts of adrenal gland

A

-suprarenal medulla
-suprarenal cortex

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15
Q

adrenal cortex

A

-3 zones (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis)

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16
Q

adrenal medulla

A

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

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17
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

-make mineralocoricoids like aldosterone
-cause water and sodium retention by raising blood pressure
-target kidney

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18
Q

z. fasciculata

A

-make glucocorticoids like cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone (anti inflammatory that are release during stress)
-target liver so it makes glucose and glycogen
-too much elevates blood sugar= diabetes

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19
Q

z. reticularis

A

-make small amounts of androgens (testosterone)
-target general cells
-development of body hair and beard hair

20
Q

pancreatic beta cells

A

produce insulin

21
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine ON TEST

A

-target most cells
-increase cardiac activity (heart rate and contractions)
-increase breath rate, depth of breathing, blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and increase glycogen breakdown into glucose for fuel during fight

22
Q

kidneys produce?

A

-renin (enzyme that raises blood pressure)
-erythropoietin (hormone to make blood)
-calcitriol (active form of vit D)

23
Q

heart produces?

A

-atrial natriuretic peptide (hormone to lower blood pressure) ANP
-brain natriuretic peptide (hormone lowers bp) BNP

24
Q

renin

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin
-angiotensinogen is made by liver

25
Q

kidney response to low calcium

A

-parathyroid targets kidney
-kidney excrete less calcium
-kidney release calcitriol
-calcitriol makes small int. absorb calcium into the blood stream
-levels are raised

26
Q

cholecalciferol

A

-vit D3
-get from skin and diet
-converted to calcidiol in liver
-converted to calcitriol in kidney

27
Q

heart response to high bp

A

-high bp can be due to high blood volume
-detected by cells in the right atrium
-release ANP and BNP
-those will inhibit ADH and aldosterone
-lose water and sodium ions
-bp returns to normal

28
Q

endocrine functions of pancreas

A

-consist of pancreatic islets
-make hormones, insulin and glucagon

29
Q

exocrine functions of pancreas

A

-made of pancreatic lobules
-produce digestive enzymes

30
Q

pancreas

A

-highly vascularized
-supplied by the pancreaticoduodenal arteries
-supplied by pancreatic arteries
-20-25 cm long

31
Q

pancreatic hormones

A

-glucagon
-insulin
-somatostatin
-pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

32
Q

glucagon

A

-produce alpha cells of the islets
-stimulate liver to brake down glycogen to make glucose
-stim liver to put glucose in the blood stream
-raise blood glucose levels

33
Q

insulin

A

-produced by beta cells of the islets
-increase rate of glucose absorption by body cells
-lowers blood glucose levels

34
Q

somatostatin

A

-produce the delta cells of the islets
-inhibits production of glucagon
-inhibits production of insulin
-slows the rate of absorption along the small int.
-inhibits growth

35
Q

pancreatic polypeptide

A

-produced by the F cells of the islets
-inhibits gallbladder contractions
-helps regulate the production of some pancreatic enzymes

36
Q

interstitial testes cells

A

-release testosterone
-promote sperm production
-maintain secretory glands
-influences secondary sex characteristics (puberty changes)

37
Q

sustentacular cells

A

-release inhibin
-depress secretions of FSH
-inhibin and FSH interact to maintain sperm production levels

38
Q

ovary follicular cells

A

produce estradiol

39
Q

ovulation

A

-eggs ovulation caused by LH
-post ovulation the follicle becomes a corpus luteum (releases progesterone and relaxin)

40
Q

progesterone

A

-prepares body for pregnancy
-targets enodetrial (uterine) lining
-thickens lining for implantation of fert. egg
-targets mammary tissue to prep for milk

41
Q

relaxin

A

-preps body for pregnancy
-losens pubic symphysis
-relaxes cervical muscles
-facilitate childbirth
-stimulate mammary gland development

42
Q

pineal gland

A

-part of the epithalamus
-has neurons, glial cells and secretory cells (pinealocytes)

43
Q

pinealocytes

A

synthesize the hormone melatonin

44
Q

melatonin

A

-produced at night

45
Q

puberty

A

-sharp increase in growth hormone, testosterone, and estrogen

46
Q

menopause

A

decrease in estrogen

47
Q

men

A

decrease testosterone after 50

Anatomy (29 decks)

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