chapter 20 Flashcards
two compounds of blood
plasma (liquid matrix) and formed elements (everything inside the plasma which is erythrocyte, leukocyte and platlets)
hypovelemic
low blood volume
hypervelemic
excessive blood/plasma volume
plasma
55% of blood, made of 92% water, 7% protein 1% other stuff
plasma proteins
albumins, globulins, fibrogen
formed elements
everything but plasma
plasma v intersitital fluid
plasma has more dissolved oxygen and less carbon dioxide (diffuses out of tissue)
-interstitial fluid does not have dissolved tissue but plasma does
albumin
contribute to osmotic pressure, smalles protein
fibrogen
largest protein and helps clotting
immunoglobulins
antibodies
hematocrit
packed cell volume
rbc structure
-bioconcave disc
-thin central region
-lack organelles and nucleus
rbc no nucleus
let it travelt hrough circulation and be flexible
rbc lack mitochondria
mitochondria use oxygen to make atp and without it oxygen can be transported instead of being used
what transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?
hemoglobin
hemoglobin
-four polypeptide subunits that each contain a molecule of heme (porphyrin ring/ iron ion ring)
-iron binds to the oxygen and the polypeptide unit binds to co2
cabon monoxide
competes with the heme ring for binding sites which makes it dangerous bc lack of oxy and ppl die
blood type
-determined by antigen on cell surface
-antigen= agglutinogens (glycoproteins or glycolipids)
-three types of agglutinogens (a b and d)
o type blood
both a or b angglutinogen
a type
b agglutinin antibody in plamsa
b type
a agglutinin in plasma which is why they can not receive a blood, the a agglutinin has antibodies against a
ab type
neither agglutinin
agglutinin
causes clumping
universal recipient
ab type (rarest also)
leukocytes
-granulocytes or agranulocytes
-short life span
-diapedesis
granulocytes
-neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
agranulocytes
-monocytes and lymophocytes
leukopenia
low leukocyte count
leukocytosis
high leuk count
differential count
determines which leuk is in excess or too low
diapedisis
leukocytes crawl out of capillaries into the tissue
chemotaxis
tells leukocytes where to go through chemotactic agents
neutrophils
kill bacteria
-first wbc at the site
-phagocytic
-multilobes nucleus
eosinophils
-reduce inflammation
-allergic reaction
-bilobed nucleus
basophils
-histamine and heparin
-cold, allergy, runny nose (histamine)
-heparin (prevents blood clotting)
-hidden nucleus
monocytes
-large and phagocytic
-attract fibroblasts and other phagocytes
-kidney nucleus
fibroblasts
produce collagen at the infected site
-collagen makes scar tissue
lymphocyte
-t, b, or natural killer
-large nucleus
-viral infections
t cells
attack foreign cells
b cells
secrete antibodies to attack foreign cells
natural killers
immune surveillance
platlets
-come from megakaryocytes
-megakaryocyte= platelet thromboplastin factor
thrombocytopenia
-low thrombocytes
-cause spontaneous bleeding over mouth, skin and anus
thrombocytosis
-high thrombocytes
-clump into clots
function of platelets
-clotting (hemostasis)
-release platelet htormboplastin factor
-form plug
-actin and myosin that contract the clot
hemopoiesis
-blood formation
-begin with pluripotential stem cells
-myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
myeloid becomes erythrocytes, plastelets and everything but lymphocytes
step by step formation erythro
-myeloid cell, progenitor cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte and erythrocyte
plastelet step by step
-myeloid to progenitor to megakeryoblast to platelet
leuokocyte step by step
myeloid, progenitor, meyloblast and monoblast, myelocyte, promonocytes, then banded cells, segmented cells to basophil, eosinophil or neutrophil
-monocyte comes right from promonocyte
step by step wbc
lympohoid, lymphoblast, prolymohocyte, lymphocytes, b, t or nk
