chapter 24 Flashcards
respiratory system includes
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
upper respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
lower respiratory system
larynx, trachea, brocnhi, bronchioles and alveoli
functions of resp system
gas exchange, nasopharynx protects respiratory surface from dehydration, protection from pathogens, verbal communication, regulate blood colume, pressure and ph
respiratory epithelium
-pseudostratified, ciliates, columnar (everywhere byt the pharynx, smaller bronchi and alveoli
-goblet cells (mucus)
-statified swuamous in the pharynx
resp epithelium function
-ciliated columnar= move mucus up to cough out debris
-mucous cells= make mucus so debris gets stuck and doesnt eneter lungs
-stratified squamous- protection against abrasion
what protects the respiratory system
-vibrissae= hairs in nose
-nasal cavity which produces mucus and sneezing
-epithelium make mucus to trap debris and cough it out
pathway of air
-enters external nares, through nasal vestibule (area surrounded by alar cartilage), enters nasal cavity, in and around nasal concha, internal nares and nasopharynx area
nasal concha
-inferior, middle and superior concha
-air swirls around it debris gets trapped in the mucus and the air gets warn before entering the trachea
pharynx
-passage that connects the nose to the mouth to the throat
-3 of them
3 pharynx parts
-nasopharynx= back of the nose area
-oropharynx= back of the mouth area
-laryngopharynx= entrance to the trachea and esophagus
larynx
-cylinder with cartilage walls that are stabilized by ligaments/ skeletal muscle
larynx cartilage
-thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, paired laryngeal cartilages (arytenoid cartilages)
adams apple
-laryngeal prominence
-thyroid cartilage
epiglottis
closing when swallowing
-paired laryngeal cartilage is involved
laryngeal ligaments
-intrinsic bind laryngeal cartilages together
-extrinsic ligaments bind thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage
-some become vocal cords
vocal cords sound
produces by air passing between cords
-sound depends on tongue, cheek and lip movement
children vocal cords
shorter= high pitches voice
-grow with child
laryngeal muscles
-intrinsic: regulate tension of vocal cords and open and close glottis
-extrinsic: position and stabilize larynx
trachea
-has cartilage that is in a c shape, not a ring
-annular ligaments connect each ring
-linnings: respiratory epithelia, lamina propria and submucosa
trachealis muscle
posterior side of the cartilage ring
-allows constriction and dilation of the trachea
carina
where the trachea branches to form the left and right bronchi
primary bronchi
enter the lungs
-right is steeper than the left
part of the lung where the primary bronchus enter
hilum
-also where the pulmonary vessels enter
root
bronchus, artery and vein
lung structure
-right lung= three lobes, horizontal fissure and oblique fissure
-left lung= 2 lobes and oblique fissure with a cardiac notch
extrapulmonary bronchi
outside lunch branches
intrapulmonary bronchi
inside lung branches
what have rings of cartilage?
trachea and primary bronchi
final branch
-bronchiole
-does not have cartilage
what do tertiary bronchi lead to
bronchioles
bronchioles
-no cartilage becuase they are self supporting
-have smooth muscle for bronchodilation and bronchioconstriction
bronchiodilation
sympathetic stimulation
bronchoconstriction
parasympathetic constricion
what do the bronchiles terminate as?
aveolar sacs
what is around aveolus
extensive network of capillaries that drop off co2 and take o2
-also have alastic tissue that maintain shape during inhale and exhale
aveoli ducts
-sqamous cells
-type 1 pneumocytes
-some type 2 scattered
-surfactant prevent aveolar collapse
-macrophages wander to eat things
where do pulm artieries transport co2
alveolar capillaries
-co2 leaves the capillaries and enters alveolar sacs
-oxy leaves alveolar sacs and enters capillaries then pulm vein to return to heart
what separates the pleural cavities
mediastinum
lung linning
serous membrane
-visceral pleura and parietal pleural
-space btwn= pleural cavity
visceral pleura
outer linning of the heart
parietal pleura
covers the inside lining of the thoracic wall
pleurisy
membrane produce too much pleural fluid or the membranes adhere to the thoracic wall= pain
pleural effusion
build up of fluid in the pleural space
muscles involved in breathing
-diaphragm
-external intercostals
-internal intercostals
diaphragm contraction
-lowers and causes inhalation
external intercostals
elevate the ribs to aid in inhalation
internal intercostals
depress the ribs to air in exhalation
eupnea
-quite breathing
-diaphrahm or costal breathing
-prego women costal breath because uterus pushes diaphragm up
hypernea
forced breathing
-use accesory breathing muscles
three nuclei in the pons and meculla the regulate respiratory
-respiratory rythmicity center
-apneustic center
-pneumotaxic center
-upper centers (apneutic and pneumotaxic) they have a balance
respiratory rythmic center
set respiratory pace in medulla
apneustic center
in the pons, adjust pace, increase inhalation raising rate
pneumotaxic cetner
in pons, decrease inhalation
three breathing reflexes
-mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptor and protective
mechanoreceptor
respond to changes in lung volume or blood pressure
chemoreceptor
respond to changes in partial pressure of oxy and co2
protective
respond to physical injury or irritation
aging
elastic lung tissue deteriorates so lungs can not expand as well, rub movement becomes restricted (arthritis), emphysema hinders breathing
-loose one sq root of respiratory membrane every year past 30
