chapter 1 Flashcards
anatomy
study of external, internal structures, observation of the body and relationship between body parts
physiology
study o how the body functions, study of the mechanism of the body (how the structures work)
microscopic anatomy
study of the structures that cannot be seen without magnification
cytology (microscopic anatomy)
`study of cells
histology (microscopic anatomy)
study of tissue
macroscopic anatomy
study of structured that can be seen without magnification
surface anatomy
superficial anatomy markings
regional anatomy
structures in specific area of the body wether superficial or deep
systemic anatomy
study of the organ systems of the body
developmental anatomy
examine structural changes over time
embryology
study of early developmental stages (until 8 weeks, most miscarriages happen at 8 weeks when embryo becomes a fetus)
comparative anatomy
considers different tyopes of animals
clinical anatomy
focuses on pathological (disease) changes during illness
surgical anatomy
studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedure
radiographic anatomy
the study anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans on an intact body
cross-sectional anatomy
the use of radiographic techniques (CT and MRI) to look at cross sections of the body
levels of organization
go from simple to complex (chemical/ molecular, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism)
chemical/ molecular
over a dozen elements in the body (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen make up 99% of the body)
major classes of compounds
water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
cell
smallest living unit int eh body
tissue
many cells and some surrounding material (collection of cells with similar functions or common embryonic origin or they resemble another) come from same stem cells
organ
combination of tissues (2 or more tissues)
organ system
combination of various organ make up a specific system (ex: the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreases make up the digestive system) 11 organ systems
integumentary systems
protection from environmental hazards; temperature control (sweat and oil glands, fingernails, hair)
skeletal system
support, protection of soft tissue; mineral storage (calcium in the bones); blood formation (bone marrow), ligamet= connect bone to bone, tendon= connects muscle to bone
muscular system
locomotion, support, heat production (shivering generates heat, muscle contractions)
nervous system
directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. (central= brain and spinal cord)
endocrine system
directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems (pancrease= insulin) (kidney=vit d)
cardiovascular
internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients wastes, and gasses (heart, capillary, arteries and veins)
lymphoid system
defense against infection and disease (fluid that leaves blood vessels and is reabsorbed by the lymphatic system)
respiratory sysem
delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood (nasal cavity, sinus, larynx, bronchi, lung, diaphragm, trachea, oharynx, lungs)
digestive
processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water (salivary gland, oharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, oancreas, small int, large int, anus, stomach)
urinary system
eliminates excess salt, water and waste (urinary bladder, kidney, urthr, ureter)
reproductive
production of sex cells and hormones (male= prostate gland, siminal gland, ductus deferns, urethra, epididymis, testis, penis, scrotum) (female= mammary gland, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina, external genitalia)
responsiveness (irritability)
change in activity based on a stimulus
adaptability
long term responsiveness
growth
increase in size of an organism
differentiation
becoming specialized to perform particular functions
movement
ability to change the position of something
metabolism
all chemical reactions in the body
anabolism
synthesis of complex molecules
catabolism
breakdown of complex molecules
absorption
process of bringing chemicals into the body
respiration
the absorption, transport, and use fo oxygen in cells
digestion
the process fo catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed
