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Anatomy > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands, mammary glands (environmental protection, thermoregulation, synthesis and storage of lipid reserves, excretion, synthesis of vit d3, sensory information, immune response against pathogens and cancers in the skin)

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2
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

accessory structures

A

hair follicles, exocrine glands, nails

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4
Q

epidermis

A

protects from trauma, chemicals, controls permeability and prevents water loss, prevents entry of pathogens, synthesize vitamins, detect pressure, pain, temp

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5
Q

dermis

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

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6
Q

papillary layer

A

nourishes and supports the epidermis (consists of dermal papillae, capillaries, nerve axons)

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7
Q

reticular layer

A

restricts spread of pathogens penetrating epidermis, stores lipid reserves, attaches skin to deeper tissue, sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temp, blood vessels assist in thermoregulation (consists of interlocking connective tissue made of collagen, hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands)

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8
Q

hair follicles

A

produce hairs that protect skull, produce hair that provide delicate touch all over the body(bulbisinthefolliucle)

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9
Q

dermis

A

hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer is the deep layer of the dermis (hypodermic injections and subcutaneous needles)

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10
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

contains half of the body’s fat, not technically considered part of the ingeument just helps to stabalize it

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11
Q

thick skin

A

found on palms and soles, made of five layers

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12
Q

thin skin

A

found on the rest of the body, made of four layers (eyelids are the thinnest skin)

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13
Q

four cell types of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, langerhans cells

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14
Q

keratinocytes

A

produces a tough protein called keratin (water resistant and abrasion resistant)

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15
Q

melanocytes

A

pigment cells located deep on the epidermis, produce melanin (skin color

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16
Q

langerhans cells

A

fixed macrophages

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17
Q

merkel cells

A

sensory cells

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18
Q

layers of the epidermic (deep to superficial)

A

stratum basale -> stratum spinosum -> stratum granulosum -> stratum lucidum (lightest layer) -> stratum corneum (dead skin layer filled with keratin)

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19
Q

stratum basale

A

attached to basal membrane, contains epidermal stem cells, melanocytes and merkel cells, active reproduction

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20
Q

stratum spinosum

A

has langerhans cells and melanocytes, keratinocytes are bound by desmosomes (like velcro)

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21
Q

stratum corneum

A

multiple layers of dead interlocking keratinocytes, kinds dry, water resistant but not waterproof, slow water loss

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22
Q

stratum granulosum

A

keratinocytes produce lots of keratin

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23
Q

epidermal ridges

A

stratum germinativum forms epidermal ridges, the ridges (dermal papillae) extend into the dermis, creates ridges we call fingerprints

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24
Q

basal lamina

A

basement membrane

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25
Q

dermal papilla

A

increases surface area for blood vessels, no blood flow on epidermis

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26
Q

skin color

A

due to dermal blood supply, thickness of stratum corneum, various concentrations of carotene (yellow and orange) and melanin

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27
Q

melanin pigment

A

pigment sits between the stratum basale and basal lamina (for darker skin)

28
Q

keratinocytes tanning

A

tanning increases melanin going into keratinocyte

29
Q

melanin

A

protects against skin cancer and mutations because it acts as an umbrella over diving cells

30
Q

capillaries

A

feed the epidermic bc the epidermis does not have blood vessels

31
Q

empty space in the papillary layer of the dermis

A

empty space for fluid/ macrophages and it cleans the area of germs

32
Q

wrinkles

A

due to age, uv light, and smoking (can cause a vitamin c deficiency which means less collagen in the dermic which means the skin wont stretch and recoil as well)

33
Q

stretch marks

A

stretching from prego causes reticular fibers to break, skin does not recoil

34
Q

lines of cleavage

A

fibers have a tendency to organize in parallel fashion, they have a pattern all over the body, surgeons cut parallel to them to reduce scaring

35
Q

subcutaneous

A

made of adipose tissue and major blood vessels

36
Q

hair

A

made of keratin (skin and hair are dead) cuticle/ medulla is what sticks out (mena dn women have equal amounts of hair)

37
Q

hair follicles

A

cells are layered in concentric rings

38
Q

sebaceous gland

A

makes oil

39
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

responsible for goosebumps from contracting, keeps you warm

40
Q

hair bulb

A

the only part of the hair that is alive

41
Q

capillary in hair

A

connect to hair papilla and nourishes the hair

42
Q

medulla

A

core of the hair that contains soft flexible keratine

43
Q

cortex

A

contains thick layers of hard keratin which give the hair its stiffness

44
Q

cuticle

A

thin, rough, contains hard keratine

45
Q

vellus hair

A

covers most of the body; women have more of it

46
Q

intermediate hair

A

covers the arms and legs (men have more of it)

47
Q

terminal

A

covers the head, eyebrows, lashes, pubic, axillary and continues to grow long)

48
Q

functions of the hair

A

protection from sun (men= more ear cancer), insulation (warmer in winter cooler in summer), guard nose and ear entrances, hair movement sends impulses to the brain (bug crawling on arm), and contraction of arrector pili muscles

49
Q

hair color

A

due to variation in melanin production by melanocytes, melanin production decreases with age (old=gray), 2 types one for blond/red and one for dark

50
Q

sweat glands

A

apocrine glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands, merocrine glands,

51
Q

gland functions

A

lubricates the epidermis, excretes waster, assists in the thermoregulation

52
Q

chemo

A

affects hair cells becuase they are fast reproducing cells, just like gut cells

53
Q

endocrine

A

dumps hormones into blood stream

54
Q

exocrine

A

dumps into ducts that go into/ out of the body (pancreases is both endo and exo)

55
Q

sebaceous glandss

A

secrete sebum to lubricate the skin, found all over the body except for the palms and the soles, lots on forehead, face and upper back, if they get blocked acne may occur)

56
Q

sebaceous follicle

A

emptys onto skin

57
Q

sebaceous glands

A

empty onto hair

58
Q

cells die

A

produce sebum

59
Q

apocrine gland

A

scent underarm syncs periods, lots in armpit and nipples, odorous secretions (pheromones) baby also recognize small to feel safe w mom, bacteria is what creates b.o. smell not sweat, kids dont have under arm sweat glands (DO NOT REGULATE TEMP) `

60
Q

merocrine glands

A

regulate temp, also called ecrine glads, found all over the body, lots on palms and soles, make sweat to cool (regulate temp)

61
Q

mammary glands

A

type of apocrine gland; produce milk from hormones from pituitary gland (men can produce milk because of too much prolactin (tumor on pituitary))

62
Q

ceruminous glands

A

water proofs ear, a type of apocrine gland, only in the ear canal, produce cerumen (wax), minimal protection

63
Q

nails

A

protection for the tips of the fingers and toes; consists of free edge, lateral nail fold, lunula, eponychium (cuticle) and hyponychium)

64
Q

nail root

A

only living part of the nail

65
Q

nail component

A

made of dead keratinized nail

66
Q

aging

A

epidermis become thinner, dermis becomes thinner, langerhans cells decrease (lower immunity), vitamin d synthesis declines, melanocyte decline, glandular activity decline, hair follicles stop working and skin does not repair as much

Anatomy (29 decks)

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