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Anatomy > chapter 5 part 1 > Flashcards

chapter 5 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal system

A

skeletal bones, cartilage, ligaments, connective tissue to stabalize the skeleton

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2
Q

bones

A

“dynamic organs” that are made up of severl other tissues

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3
Q

support

A

the framework for the attachment of other organs

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4
Q

storage of minerals

A

calcium ions: 98% of the body calcium ions are in the bones and there are also phosphate ions

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5
Q

blood cell production

A

bone marrow produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (thrombocytes); fat is also in the marrow

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6
Q

leverage

A

muscles pull on the bones to produce movement

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7
Q

protection

A

ribs protect heart and lungs, skill protects the brain, vertabrae protect the spinal cord and the pelvic bone protects the reproductive organs

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8
Q

bones (osseous tissue) parts

A

supporting connective tissue, outer linning, and inner linning

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9
Q

connective tissue

A

specialized cells and solid matrix (material around the cell)

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10
Q

outer linning

A

periosteum,

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11
Q

inner lining

A

endosteum

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12
Q

matrix

A

calcium phosphate eventually converts to hydroxyapatite crystals and the crystals are resistant to compression

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13
Q

collagen fibers

A

make up 2/3 of the bone matrix, contribute to bone tensile strength, collagen and hydroxyapatite make the bone tissue strong and reinforce it

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14
Q

bone cells

A

make up 2% of the bone mass

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15
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, maintain the protein and mineral content of the matirx

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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

-immature bone cells, found on the inner and outer surfaces of bone and produce osteoid (involved in making the matrix)
-involved in making new bone (osteogenesis)
-can also convert to osteocytes (when they mature)

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17
Q

osteogenesis

A

creation of new bone

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18
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

found on the inner and outer surfaces of bone and they differentiate to form new osteoblasts, also involved in repairing broken bones

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19
Q

osteoclasts

A

secrete acids that dissolve bone and release stored calcium and phosphate ions into blood (osteolysis)

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20
Q

reasons to break down bone

A

get rid of old cells, make new cells, blood calcium levels are too low the osteoblasts break it down to release calcium and raise levels

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21
Q

osteon

A

basic unit of skeletal bones including the central canal, canaliculi, osteocytes, lacunae and lamellae

22
Q

central canal

A

blood vessels, nerves in it

23
Q

two types of osseous tissue

A

compact bone and spongy bone

24
Q

compact bone (dense bone)

A

type of osseous tissue, dense and solid, forms the walls of bone outlining the medullary cavity

25
Q

spongy bone (trabecular bone)

A

-looks like a sponge, open network of pates and makes the bone light weight
-trabeculae are arranges in parallel struts and form branching plates
-trabeculae also form an open network

26
Q

red bone marrow

A

in the spongy bone (makes blood)

27
Q

compact bone layer

A

around the spongy bone, has osteons and makes up the dense, solid portion fo the bone

28
Q

medullary cavity

A

in the middle under the spongy bone and compact bone

29
Q

spongy bone cross section

A

no central canal

30
Q

support of compact bone

A

conducts stress from one area of the body to another area, support from end to end and is weak from the sides

31
Q

support of spongy bone

A

trabeculae create strength to deal with stress form the side

32
Q

epiphysis

A

each end of the long bones

33
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the long bones

34
Q

metaphysis

A

narrow growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis at each end

35
Q

periosteum

A

-tendons and ligaments are attached to it
-isolates and protects the bone from surrounding tissue
-route and place for attachment for circulatory and nervous supply
-part of growth and repair
-connects bone to the connctive tissue network of deep fascia

36
Q

periosteum and tendons

A

tendons are cemented into the lamellae by osteoblasts (tendons are part of the bone)

37
Q

children growing

A

cartilage expands in the metaphysis and becomes bone

38
Q

endosteum

A

inner surface of the bone and lines the medullary cavity
-consists of osteoprogenitor cells and are involved in growth and repair

39
Q

first 6 weeks of development

A

skeleton made of cartilage

40
Q

ossification

A

cartilage cells replaced by bone cells 2 types
-intramembranous ossification
-endochondral ossification

41
Q

osteogenesis

A

bone formation

42
Q

calcification

A

deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue

43
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

development of the clavicle, mandible, skull and face
-mesenchymal cells differentiate and form osteoblasts that start to secrete matrix where they get trapped
-osteoblasts than differentiate to form osteocytes eventually form compact bone
-OCCURS IN A MEMBRANE
-MEMBRANE BECOMES BONE

44
Q

endochondral ossification

A

involved in the development of limbs, vertebrae and hips
-cartilage becomes bone
-cartilage matrix grows inward (interstitial growth)
-cartilage matrix growth outwards (appositional growth)
-blood vessels grow around the cartilage
-perichondrial cells concert to osteoblasts that develop the superficial layer of the bone around the cartilage
-blood vessels penetrate cartilage
-osteoblasts develop spongy bone in the diaphysis
-becomes the primary center of ossification

45
Q

intersitial growth

A

cartilage matrix grows inward

46
Q

appositional growth

A

cartilage matrix grows outward (diameter of bone gets larger)
-blood vessels running parallel to bone become surrounded by bone cells
-“tunnels” form that have blood vessels in them

47
Q

bone development

A

-cartilage shaped like bone
-blood vessls grow into epiphysis which becomes the secondary oss center
-osteoclasts break down bone in the center and make it hollow then build one on the sides
-hollowed out bone turns to spongy bone
-epishyseal cartilage grows wider and turns to bone during late teens
-layer of cartilage left around the bone

48
Q

endochondrial ossification continued

A

-cartilage near the epiphysis concerts to bone
-blood vessels penetrate the epiphysis
-osteoblasts begin to develop spongy bone in the epiphysis
-epiphysis becomes the secondary center of ossification

49
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

area of cartilage in metaphysis also called epiphyseal cartilage (near the diaphysis)
-width gets narrower with age

50
Q

enlarging bone diameter (appositional growth)

A

-osteoblasts produce matrix and create concentric rings
-osteoblasts are laying down more bone material, osteoclasts are dissolving the inner bone and creating marrow cavity

Anatomy (29 decks)

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