Chapter 4 - Growth + Development Flashcards
Defense mechanism
divers impulses + protects itself fr excess anxiety
-used by EGO
Common defense mechanisms used by children [4]
1 regression
2 repression
3 rationalization
4 fantasy
regression
return to an earlier behavior
repression
involuntary forgetting of uncomfortable situation
rationalization
attempt to make unacceptable feelings acceptable
ex) a child explains hitting another kid bc they took his toy
fantasy
creation of mind to help deal w unacceptable fear
ex) weak hospitalized kid pretends to be superman
unresolved conflict + unmet needs at certain stage leads to ____
fixation development at that stage
Freudian stages [5]
Oral [birth-1yr] Anal [1-3 yr] Phallic [3-6] Latency [6-12 yr] Genital [12yr-adulthood]
Oral Stage
please fr mouth
-sucking + eating
NURS: provide pacifier for bb who cant have oral feedings
Anal Stage
primary force is control over secretions
NURS: ask toilet training + rituals + words for elimination. DONT START training during illness, accept regression during illness
Phallic Stage
sexual energy is centered around genitalia as kid works out relationship w parents of same + opposite sexes
NURS: notice who kid feels for comfortable around male or female nurses, + try to accommodate, encourage parental involvmt
Latency Stage
sexual energy is at rest in passage bw earlier stage + adolescence
NURS: provide gowns, covers, underweat. knock before entering. explain tx + procedures
Genital Stage
mature sexuality is achieved as physical growth is completed + relationships with others occur
NURS: during hx taking, incl Q’s about significant friends during history taking, ensure access to gyno/teste care, provide info on sexuality, ensure privacy
Erikson’s Stages [5/8]
1 Trust v Mistrust 2 Autonomy v Shame/Doubt 3 Initiative v Guilt 4 Industry v Inferiority 5 Identity v Role Confusion
Trust v Mistrust
trust is fostered by.. -food -clean clothing -touch -comfort NURS: hold bb often, offer comfort, meet food + care needs, encourage parents be present
Autonomy v Shame/Doubt
autonomy is fostered by
- control of bodily excretions
- directing motor activity + place
- consistent praise + encouragement
- criticism for expression of autonomy or lack of control like in toilet training lead to shame/doubt
NURS: allow self feeding, encourage to remove/put on clothes, brush, etc
Initiative v Guilt
starts new activities + new ideas + interests
- explorative + busy + involved
- -should be encouraged
- opposite is constant criticism> guilt
NURS: offer to play w medical equipment to lessen anxiety, assess concerns thru their drawings, accept kid’s choice + feelings
Industry v Inferiority
takes pride in accomplishment in sports, school, home, + community
NURS: encourage schoolwork , bring fave pastimes, help adjust to limitations on favorite activity
Identity v Role Confusion
self, family, peers, community are all examined + redefined
-otherwise leads to confusion
NURS: separate recreation room for teens, health hx + exam w/o parents present, introduce to other teens w same proble,
Piaget believes that the child’s view of the world is largely influenced by …
age + maturational ability
according to Piaget, the child incorporates new experiences via ____, and changes to deal with these experiences via ____
assimilation; accommodation
ex) bb learns to such on objects that touch lips (assimilation). w more experiences, the bb accommodates to learn that not all objects are pleasant to suck on.
Piaget’s Stages [4]
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Sensorimotor [birth - 2 yr]
infants learn about the world by input obrained thru senses + by their motor activity
6 Sensorimotor substages
1 use of reflexes [birth to 1 mo] 2 primary circular rxn [1-4 mo] 3 secondary circlr rxn [4-8 mo] 4 coordination of secondary schemes [8-12 mo] 5 tertiary circlr rxn [12-18 mo] 6 mental combinations [18-24 mo]
