ATI 15 - Cognitive + Sensory Impairments Flashcards
how often to screen visual impairment
yearly
myopia [nearsightedness] manifestations
- headaches/vertigo
- eye rubbing
- difficulty reading
- clumsiness (frequently walking into objects)
- poor school performance
hyperopia [farsightedness]
-because of accommodation, not usually detected until age 7
astigmatism + manifestations
uneven refractive curvature in vision in which only parts of letters on a page can be seen
M: headache/vertigo
astigmatism may seem like normal vision because…
tilting the head enables all letters to be seen
Amblyopia aka
lazy eye
Amblyopia
reduced visual acuity in one eye
Esotropia
inward deviation
-strabismus
Exotropia
outward deviation
-strabismus
Strabismus Objective Manifestation
- misaligned eyes
- frowning or squinting
- difficulty seeing print clearly
- one eye closed to better vision
- head tilted to one side
- crossed eyed
Strabismus Subjective Manifestations
- headache
- dizzy
- diplopia
- photophobia
tests for Strabismus
- abnormal corneal light reflex
- cover test
Cataracts
gray opacity of the lens which prevents light from entering into the eye
Cataract manifestations
- decr ability to see clearly
- possible loss of peripheral vision
- nystagmus
- strabismus
- absent red reflex
cataract sign in infants
inability to reach and grab objects like a rattle toy
Glaucoma
increased ocular pressure in eye
Glaucoma manifestations
- loss of periph vision
- halos around objects
- red eye
- epiphora
- photophobia
- blepharospasm
- corneal haziness
- buphtalmos
- possible pain
In glaucoma patients, the red reflex will appear
gray to green
epiphora
excessive tearing
blepharospasm
spasmodic winking
buphthalmos
enlargement of the eyeball
retina is normally vascularized around which age…
8 month gestation
immature blood vessels constricts when exposed to…
high O2 concentration
leading cause of vision loss in kids
amblyopia
HOTV test
picture chart
child should be ___ ft away for vision tests
10 feet
partial visual impairment
acuity of 20/70 to 20/200
legal blindness
20/200 or worse
ishihara or hardt-rand-rittler test
for color vision
set of cards to identify the number
MYOPIA
corrective measure
bioconcave lenses
contact lenses
laser surgery for adolescent
HYPEROPIA
corrective measure
-convex lenses
laser surgery
ASTIGMATISM
corrective measure
lenses that compensate for refractive errors
laser surgery
AMBLYOPIA
corrective measure
treat primary visual defect
- occlusion therapy on good eye 2-6 hr/daily
- best chance of tx by 5-6 y0
STRABISMUS
corrective measure
occlusion therapy
-patch stronger eye
-remove patch 1 hr each day
laser surgery
caring for a child w vision impairment
- orient to surroundings
- promote independence
- aid in meeting milestones
- call by name before touching
- refer to services (braille, audio tape, special computers)
conductive hearing loss
problem w sound transmission
-otitis media, external ear infectn, foreign bodies, excessv ear wax
sensorineural hearing loss
problem w transmission along nerve pathway
-can be fr congenital defects, or secondary acquired conditions, genetic
central auditory imperception
involves all other hearing losses r/t natl causes
hearing loss
expected findings INFANTS
- lack of startle reflex
- failure to respond to noise
- absence of vocalization by 7 mo
- lack of response to the spoken word
- failure to localize sound by 6 mo
hearing loss
expected findings OLDER CHILDREN
- *using gestures instead of talking after 15 mo**
- failure to dvlp understood speech by 24 mo
- *yelling to express emo**
- irritability due to inability to gain attention
- seems shy/withdrawn
- inattentive to surrounding
- *monotone speech**
- need to repeat convo
- *speak loudly for situation**
hearing loss nursing care
- promote speech dvlpt. lip readng, cued speech, hand gestures w verbl commnctn
- encourage socializtn + use of aids to promote indpndnc (flshng light for cell)
- assist w hearing aids (store batteries in safe place, if can hear whstlng then turn down volume)
- assess gait + balance
signs of visual impairment in infants
- unable to follow light/objects
- no eye contact
- dull vacant stare
- does not imitate facial expressions
signs of visual impairment in toddlers + older children
- rub, shut, or cover eyes
- tilt or thrust head forward
- frequent blinking
- hold object close
- bumps into objects
- squints
color blindness
x linked recessive disorder
-10% of males
tx for sensorineural hearing impairment
cochlear implant
tx for conductive hearing impairment
- communicatn device
- hearing aids
