Chapter 26: Criminal Sanctions and Punishment Pt. 1

Question 1

What are the purposes of criminal sanctions?

Answer 1

(1) serve to reinforce cherished values and beliefs
(2) incapacitate and deter those who are thinking about criminal misconduct
(3) maintain power relations in a society
(4) eliminate threats to the prevailing social order
(5) instrumental and symbolic value

Question 2

How are criminal sanctions both instrumental and symbolic?

Answer 2

(1) dramatizing certain behaviors in a society
(2) enhance communal solidarity against external threats
(3) provide the means for social engineering efforts directed at improving the quality of life

Question 3

What are the different types criminal sanctions?

Answer 3

(1) Economic Punishments
(2) Incapacitative Sanctions
(3) Corporal Punishments

Question 4

What are Economic punishments?

Answer 4

direct financial consequences to offenders

Question 5

Economic punishments include things like _________, _________ and/or _________ ________.

Answer 5

retribution
deterrence
restorative justice

Question 6

What types of crimes usually receive economic punishments?

Answer 6

(1) white collar crimes

(2) traffic violations and less serious criminal offenses

Question 7

Particular monetary amount can also be paid in exchange for a ____ or ______ sentence

Answer 7

jail

prison

Question 8

_____ can be imposed in addition to other sentences

Answer 8

fines

Question 9

What type of economic punishments can corporate/organization crime receive?

Answer 9

(1) injunctions
(2) cease and desist orders
(3) revocation of licenses
(4) suspensions

Question 10

What is asset forfeiture?

Answer 10

assets are given to the government

Question 11

What is asset forfeiture primarily used for?

Answer 11

the prosecution of drug offenders and organized crime syndicates

Question 12

Asset forfeiture can be used as a response to ______ _________ off of illegal activities

Answer 12

money laundering

Question 13

What are Incapacitative Sanctions?

Answer 13

physically restrain behavioral patterns

Question 14

What are the different types of Incapacitative Sanctions?

Answer 14

(1) banishment/exile/deportation
(2) physical restraints on the body
(3) incapacitative structures
(4) short-term incapacitation and probation

Question 15

What is an old example of banishment/exile/deportation?

Answer 15

England used “transportation” to colonies

Question 16

What is a new example of banishment/exile/deportation?

Answer 16

deportation of “illegal aliens”

Question 17

Physical restraints on the body are used for both ___________ and ________ __________.

Answer 17

incapacitation

corporal punishment

Question 18

What are some examples of physical restraints on the body?

Answer 18

chains, stocks, and yokes

Question 19

What is the most recent form of physical restraints on the body?

Answer 19

electronic monitoring though ankle bracelets, handcuffs, and finger cuffs

Question 20

What are some examples of short-term incapacitation and probation?

Answer 20

(1) shock incarceration

(2) supervised probation

Question 21

What is shock incarceration?

Answer 21

a temporary incapacitation program in which the convicted offender is given a brief period of confinement in an institution and then released back into the community

Question 22

What is supervised probation?

Answer 22

a type of incapacitative sanction that involves conditions of confinement placed on the probationer’s body

Question 23

Which countries have the highest incarceration rates?

Answer 23

(1) United States
(2) Russian Federation
(3) St. Kitts and Nevis
(4) Rwanda
(5) Thailand
(6) Bahrain
(7) Guam

Question 24

What is the problem with international (incarcerate rates) comparison?

Answer 24

(1) different countries may use different definitions of “incarceration”
(2) incarceration structures/facilities that seriously history the reported incarceration rate

Question 25

What is corporal punishment?

Answer 25

involve death or physical suffering through the direct application of physical force on the human body

Question 26

What is the philosophical rationale for corporal punishments?

Answer 26

(1) retribution (2) specific and general deterrence (3) rehabilitation

Question 27

Particular types of corporal punishment are linked to?

Answer 27

(1) customs (2) rituals (3) the availability of technology within particular countries at particular times

Question 28

What are the various outcomes of corporal punishments?

Answer 28

(1) short-term pain (2) permanent disfiguration and injury (3) death

Question 29

What are the most infamous periods of corporal punishment?

Answer 29

(1) Spanish Inquisition (2) Reign of Henry VIII (3) Elizabethan period in England (4) “reign of terror”, French Revolution (5) Puritan settlements (6) mass genocides and democides of the 20th century

Question 30

What are the most common types of corporal punishment?

Answer 30

(1) flogging (2) branding and other bodily mutilations (3) capital punishment

Question 31

What is flogging?

Answer 31

the whipping of the body with some object

Question 32

When was flogging used?

Answer 32

(1) publicly in early American colonies (2) primary method for punishing slaves in the Southern colonies (3) used in both the military and prison labor camps

Question 33

What is branding?

Answer 33

marking of the body with a letter or other mark that signifies the offender’s deviant status or criminal offense

Question 34

_______ provided a direct means of public stigmatization

Answer 34

Branding

Question 35

Branding provided a direct means of ______ ____________

Answer 35

public stigmatization

Question 36

When did the most gruesome and extreme types of public stigmatization occur?

Answer 36

the Middle Ages

Question 37

How long does capital punishment last?

Answer 37

death can be slow or fast

Question 38

What are the historical uses of capital punishment?

Answer 38

(1) Beheading (2) hanging (3) lethal gas (4) electrocution (5) lethal injections (6) fire (7) drawing and quartering (8) lapidation

Question 39

_________ was considered an honorable form of punishment.

Answer 39

Beheading

Question 40

Beheadings are currently applied (in most countries) to both _______ and _________

Answer 40

nobles | commoners

Question 41

Thousands of French citizens lost their heads in the ________ during the “reign of terror

Answer 41

guillotine

Question 42

________ was considered slow and less dignified in Western societies

Answer 42

Hanging

Question 43

Lethal gas was used during the ________ and more recently on the _____ in _____

Answer 43

holocaust Kurds Iraq

Question 44

Why was lethal gas created and why?

Answer 44

it was created in the mid 1920s by the U.S. as an alternative to electrocutions and hanging

Question 45

When did death by electrocution begin?

Answer 45

began in the late 1800s

Question 46

__________ was the primary means of execution until being replaced by lethal injection.

Answer 46

Electrocution

Question 47

Electrocution was the primary means of execution until being replaced by ______ _________.

Answer 47

lethal injection

Question 48

True or False: Only the U.S. has used electrocution as execution

Answer 48

True

Question 49

When did lethal injections begin?

Answer 49

began in the U.S. in 1982

Question 50

over 95% of the legal executions in the U.S. are done via _____ _________

Answer 50

lethal injection

Question 51

Executions via fire have had ________ value within some ________ contexts.

Answer 51

symbolic | religious

Question 52

What is drawing and quartering?

Answer 52

involves the separation of body parts

Question 53

What is lapidation?

Answer 53

stoning

Question 54

lapidation derives from _______ _____.

Answer 54

Mosaic code

Question 55

lapidation is more recently used under _______ ____

Answer 55

Islamic law

Question 56

lapidation has been historically used against _______ who committed _______

Answer 56

women | adultery