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Criminal Justice 270- Intro to Criminology > Chapter 26: Criminal Sanctions and Punishment Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Criminal Sanctions and Punishment Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the purposes of criminal sanctions?

A

(1) serve to reinforce cherished values and beliefs
(2) incapacitate and deter those who are thinking about criminal misconduct
(3) maintain power relations in a society
(4) eliminate threats to the prevailing social order
(5) instrumental and symbolic value

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2
Q

How are criminal sanctions both instrumental and symbolic?

A

(1) dramatizing certain behaviors in a society
(2) enhance communal solidarity against external threats
(3) provide the means for social engineering efforts directed at improving the quality of life

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3
Q

What are the different types criminal sanctions?

A

(1) Economic Punishments
(2) Incapacitative Sanctions
(3) Corporal Punishments

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4
Q

What are Economic punishments?

A

direct financial consequences to offenders

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5
Q

Economic punishments include things like _________, _________ and/or _________ ________.

A

retribution
deterrence
restorative justice

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6
Q

What types of crimes usually receive economic punishments?

A

(1) white collar crimes

(2) traffic violations and less serious criminal offenses

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7
Q

Particular monetary amount can also be paid in exchange for a ____ or ______ sentence

A

jail

prison

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8
Q

_____ can be imposed in addition to other sentences

A

fines

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9
Q

What type of economic punishments can corporate/organization crime receive?

A

(1) injunctions
(2) cease and desist orders
(3) revocation of licenses
(4) suspensions

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10
Q

What is asset forfeiture?

A

assets are given to the government

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11
Q

What is asset forfeiture primarily used for?

A

the prosecution of drug offenders and organized crime syndicates

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12
Q

Asset forfeiture can be used as a response to ______ _________ off of illegal activities

A

money laundering

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13
Q

What are Incapacitative Sanctions?

A

physically restrain behavioral patterns

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14
Q

What are the different types of Incapacitative Sanctions?

A

(1) banishment/exile/deportation
(2) physical restraints on the body
(3) incapacitative structures
(4) short-term incapacitation and probation

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15
Q

What is an old example of banishment/exile/deportation?

A

England used “transportation” to colonies

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16
Q

What is a new example of banishment/exile/deportation?

A

deportation of “illegal aliens”

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17
Q

Physical restraints on the body are used for both ___________ and ________ __________.

A

incapacitation

corporal punishment

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18
Q

What are some examples of physical restraints on the body?

A

chains, stocks, and yokes

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19
Q

What is the most recent form of physical restraints on the body?

A

electronic monitoring though ankle bracelets, handcuffs, and finger cuffs

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20
Q

What are some examples of short-term incapacitation and probation?

A

(1) shock incarceration

(2) supervised probation

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21
Q

What is shock incarceration?

A

a temporary incapacitation program in which the convicted offender is given a brief period of confinement in an institution and then released back into the community

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22
Q

What is supervised probation?

A

a type of incapacitative sanction that involves conditions of confinement placed on the probationer’s body

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23
Q

Which countries have the highest incarceration rates?

A

(1) United States
(2) Russian Federation
(3) St. Kitts and Nevis
(4) Rwanda
(5) Thailand
(6) Bahrain
(7) Guam

24
Q

What is the problem with international (incarcerate rates) comparison?

A

(1) different countries may use different definitions of “incarceration”
(2) incarceration structures/facilities that seriously history the reported incarceration rate

25
Q

What is corporal punishment?

A

involve death or physical suffering through the direct application of physical force on the human body

26
Q

What is the philosophical rationale for corporal punishments?

A

(1) retribution
(2) specific and general deterrence
(3) rehabilitation

27
Q

Particular types of corporal punishment are linked to?

A

(1) customs
(2) rituals
(3) the availability of technology within particular countries at particular times

28
Q

What are the various outcomes of corporal punishments?

A

(1) short-term pain
(2) permanent disfiguration and injury
(3) death

29
Q

What are the most infamous periods of corporal punishment?

A

(1) Spanish Inquisition
(2) Reign of Henry VIII
(3) Elizabethan period in England
(4) “reign of terror”, French Revolution
(5) Puritan settlements
(6) mass genocides and democides of the 20th century

30
Q

What are the most common types of corporal punishment?

A

(1) flogging
(2) branding and other bodily mutilations
(3) capital punishment

31
Q

What is flogging?

A

the whipping of the body with some object

32
Q

When was flogging used?

A

(1) publicly in early American colonies
(2) primary method for punishing slaves in the Southern colonies
(3) used in both the military and prison labor camps

33
Q

What is branding?

A

marking of the body with a letter or other mark that signifies the offender’s deviant status or criminal offense

34
Q

_______ provided a direct means of public stigmatization

A

Branding

35
Q

Branding provided a direct means of ______ ____________

A

public stigmatization

36
Q

When did the most gruesome and extreme types of public stigmatization occur?

A

the Middle Ages

37
Q

How long does capital punishment last?

A

death can be slow or fast

38
Q

What are the historical uses of capital punishment?

A

(1) Beheading
(2) hanging
(3) lethal gas
(4) electrocution
(5) lethal injections
(6) fire
(7) drawing and quartering
(8) lapidation

39
Q

_________ was considered an honorable form of punishment.

A

Beheading

40
Q

Beheadings are currently applied (in most countries) to both _______ and _________

A

nobles

commoners

41
Q

Thousands of French citizens lost their heads in the ________ during the “reign of terror

A

guillotine

42
Q

________ was considered slow and less dignified in Western societies

A

Hanging

43
Q

Lethal gas was used during the ________ and more recently on the _____ in _____

A

holocaust
Kurds
Iraq

44
Q

Why was lethal gas created and why?

A

it was created in the mid 1920s by the U.S. as an alternative to electrocutions and hanging

45
Q

When did death by electrocution begin?

A

began in the late 1800s

46
Q

__________ was the primary means of execution until being replaced by lethal injection.

A

Electrocution

47
Q

Electrocution was the primary means of execution until being replaced by ______ _________.

A

lethal injection

48
Q

True or False: Only the U.S. has used electrocution as execution

A

True

49
Q

When did lethal injections begin?

A

began in the U.S. in 1982

50
Q

over 95% of the legal executions in the U.S. are done via _____ _________

A

lethal injection

51
Q

Executions via fire have had ________ value within some ________ contexts.

A

symbolic

religious

52
Q

What is drawing and quartering?

A

involves the separation of body parts

53
Q

What is lapidation?

A

stoning

54
Q

lapidation derives from _______ _____.

A

Mosaic code

55
Q

lapidation is more recently used under _______ ____

A

Islamic law

56
Q

lapidation has been historically used against _______ who committed _______

A

women

adultery

Criminal Justice 270- Intro to Criminology (47 decks)

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