Chapter 24: White Collar Crime (Occupational and Organizational Crime) Pt. 1

Question 1

What is white collar crime?

Answer 1

crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupations

Question 2

Who developed the term white collar crime?

Answer 2

Edwin Sutherland

Question 3

What is “elite deviance”?

Answer 3

further conveys the idea of the offender’s lofty social position

Question 4

White collar crimes involve a violation of _____ and/or abuse of ______ .

Answer 4

trust

power

Question 5

White collar crimes, most often occur during the course of a legitimate ___________ activity and can be committed by an _________ or a _________ ______.

Answer 5

occupational
individual
corporate entity

Question 6

What is the difference between occupational (white collar) crime and organizational (white collar) crime?

Answer 6

“occupational crime”- motivated by personal gains

“organizational crimes” or “corporate crime”-committed to enhance/promote the interests of the company/business itself

Question 7

What are the different types of white collar crime?

Answer 7

(1) Crime Against Government by Public Officials
(2) Crime Against Government by Private Citizens
(3) Crime Against Business
(4) Crime Against Investors
(5) Crime Against Consumers
(6) Crime Against Employees
(7) Crime Against the Environment

Question 8

What are some examples of Crime Against Government by Public Officials?

Answer 8

Accepting bribes for political favors

Travel per diem fraud (e.g. falsifying travel expenses)

Question 9

What are some examples of Crime Against Government by Private Citizens?

Answer 9

• welfare fraud
• social security fraud
• unemployment/workers compensation fraud
• tax evasion (e.g. income, personal property taxes)

Question 10

What are some examples of Crime Against Business?

Answer 10

• embezzlement
• employee theft
• insurance fraud
• bank/credit fraud
• computer hacking/fraud

Question 11

What are some examples of Crime Against Investors?

Answer 11

securities fraud (commodity/stock market)

land/property/mortgage fraud

Question 12

What are some examples of Crime Against Employees?

Answer 12

discriminatory hiring/firing practices

safety violations for protecting workers (e.g. OSHA violations)

Question 13

What are some examples of Crime Against Consumers?

Answer 13

(1) selling worthless products (e.g. health/medical curatives)
(2) selling defective equipment
(3) selling lower quality food
(4) chiseling/overcharging for bogus services/repair
(5) chiseling/overcharging for false weights/measure
(6) false advertising
(7) unnecessary drug prescriptions
(8) unnecessary surgery
(9) charity fraud

Question 14

What are some examples of Crime Against the Environment?

Answer 14

industrial pollution of waterways
air pollution
toxic waste disposal

Question 15

What are the organizations that provide national estimates on white collar crime?

Answer 15

(1) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
(2) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
(3) National White Collar Crime Center (NWCC)
(4) Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
(5) Federal Court Data

Question 16

___% of households and ___% of individuals in a national survey reported experiencing at least one form of white-collar victimization within the previous year

Answer 16

47%

35%

Question 17

_______ persons were arrested for fraud or embezzlement in the U.S.

Answer 17

184,000

Question 18

184,000 persons were arrested for _____ or __________ in the U.S.

Answer 18

fraud

embezzlement

Question 19

Total losses from computer crime in the U.S. ranges from $_ to $____ _______ a year

Answer 19

$1

$200 billion

Question 20

The economic losses from ____-_____ _________ exceed $350 billion per year

Answer 20

anti-trust violations

Question 21

The economic losses from anti-trust violations exceed $____ ______ per year

Answer 21

350 billion

Question 22

medical negligence causes an estimated ___ million injuries and _______ deaths each year

Answer 22

1.3

80,000

Question 23

More than _______ death per year are attributed to unsafe _______ and unsafe _________ __________

Answer 23

100,000
products
production techniques

Question 24

Complaints per “white collar crime”:
credit card fraud - \_\_\_\_%
government documents/benefits fraud - \_\_\_% 
employment-related fraud - \_\_\_%
phone/utilities fraud - \_\_\_%
bank fraud - \_\_\_%
loan fraud - \_\_%

Answer 24

20%
15%
15%
13%
11%
4%

Question 25

What are the characteristics of the white collar crime offenders?

Answer 25

persons over 25 years old
males
white

Question 26

Among embezzlers why is there higher proportion of arrests for females and older persons?

Answer 26

greater planning and access to business operations required for these crimes

Question 27

Which social class commits most white collar crime?

Answer 27

middle class persons

Question 28

The _____ has the highest victimization rates for identity theft.

Answer 28

West

Question 29

Which Western states especially have high identity theft rates?

Answer 29

Arizona, Nevada, and California

Question 30

The _______ and _________ have the lowest victimization rates for identity theft.

Answer 30

Midwest

Northeast

Question 31

Who is at a greater risk for victimization for identity theft?

Answer 31

younger than 25 years
Whites
urban residents

Question 32

What do class/conflict theories say about white collar crime offending?

Answer 32

the profit-driven mentality of capitalistic countries is the fuel that underlies corporate crime in America

Question 33

What does anomie theory say about white collar crime offending?

Answer 33

overemphasis on material success and the limited legitimate opportunities to achieve this goal

Question 34

What does differential association theory say about white collar crime offending?

Answer 34

focuses specifically on embezzlement

Question 35

Which “techniques of neutralization” do white collar offenders use?

Answer 35

(1) denial of injury
(2) denial of victim
(3) condemnation of the condemners