Chapter 14: Sociological Theories (Social Structural Theories) Pt. 1 Flashcards
__________ theories focus on “kinds of conditions” that enable and constrain criminal motivations.
Sociological
Sociological theories focus on “_____ ___ __________” that enable and constrain criminal motivations.
“kinds of conditions”
Sociological theories have been developed to explain both the ________ and __________ of crime.
etiology
epidemiology
Sociological theories answer what kinds of questions?
(1) “why are some geographical areas more crime prone than others?”
(2) “what are the characteristics of these“hot spots” for crime?”
(3) “why are street crimes (i.e. murder, assaults, robbery, thefts predominantly a young male problem?”
(4) “how dosocio-economic changes affect national and regional crime rates?”
(5) “what are the risk factors and social processes involved in the onset and persistence ofcriminal behavior?”
What does macro and micro level of sociological theories emphasize on?
Macro level, emphasizes how socialstructural conditions in the wider society to determine various types of human behavior.
Micro level, emphasizes how an individual’s criminal behavior is produced by thesocial psychological interactions with other people and the social processes that both enable and constrain criminal motivation
Macro level of sociological theories focuses on explaining ______ ______ across __________ ______ (i.e. countries, states, cities, neighborhoods).
crime rates
geographical units
______ level of sociological theories focuses on explaining crime rates across geographical units (i.e. countries, states, cities, neighborhoods).
Macro
What are some examples of macro level of sociological theories?
Social Structural Theories
-Social Disorganization Theory
-Anomie Theory
-DifferentialOpportunity Theory
Conflict Theories
-Instrumental/Structural Marxism
-Radical Feminism
-Power-Control Theories)What are some examples of micro level theories?
- social process theories
- social learning approaches
- control theories
- interactionist/labeling theories
The final type of sociological theories focuses on the _______ ____ as the unit of analysis.
criminal act
What is the crime event perspective?
Crime event perspective- criminalacts require convergenceof three necessary conditions in time and space
What are the three necessary conditions for the crime event perspective?
(1) a motivated offender
(2) a suitable target or victim
(3) a facilitating context for this act to occur
_____ ______ __________ is also known a “criminal opportunity” theories.
Crime event perspective
Crime event perspective is also known a “_______ __________” theories
“criminal opportunity”
What are examples of “criminal opportunity” theories?
- symbolic interactionist theories of deviant acts
- routine activity/lifestyles theories of criminal victimization
Social Structural Theories are based on the assumption thatstructural conditions in a society _______ and _________ human behavior.
enable
constrain
Some Social Structural Theories assume that thefundamental cause of crime is ________ ________.
cultural conflict
Some Social Structural Theories assume that we all share the same values but resort to criminalbehavior because?
we are blocked from achieving this shared goal of materialsuccess throughlegitimate means
What are the best examples of social structural theories that attribute crime to cultural conflict or distinct values among different social groups?
(1) Shaw and Mckay’s social disorganization theory and the concentric zone theory of city structure
(2) Miller’s theory about the“focal concerns” of lower class boys
(3) Wolfgang and Ferracuti’s “subculture of violence” theory
What are the best examples of social structural theories that assume value consensus (that people share cultural values)?
(1) Merton’s anomie theory
(2) Cloward and Ohllin’s differentialopportunity theory
What are the different type of social structural theories?
(1) Social Disorganization Theory
(2) Chicago Ecological School
(3) Walter Miller’s “Focal Concerns”
(4) The Subculture of Violence Theory and the “Code of the Street”
(5) Merton’s Anomie/Strain Theory
According to Social Disorganization Theory, what are the three social forces that creates high levels of crime in certain geographical areas?
(1) high population mobility/turnover
(2) low socio-economic opportunities
(3) racial/ethnic diversity
What is the solution for crime according to Social Disorganization Theory?
we increase the collective efficacy of these disadvantaged neighborhoods by community outreach activities, job fairs, improved educational services, and enhance the feelings of community pride and social integration within these neighborhoods
Who created the Concentric Zone Hypothesis
ParkandBurgess, primary leaders of the Chicago Ecological School
Concentric Zone Hypothesis is also known as ______ hypothesis.
zonal
_________ ______ Hypothesis is also known as zonal hypothesis
Concentric Zone
What is Concentric Zone Hypothesis?
a theory of city development that explains the ecological structure of cities and the particular social forces and mechanisms that lead to higher rates of crime in particular locations within cities
What are the concentric zones from the inside out?
(1) Central Business District (CBD)
(2) Zone in transition (ZIT)
(3) Multiple unit dwellings (MUD)
(4) Single unit dwellings (SUD)
(5) “Commuter Zone” (CZ)
Which centric zone is this:
the center of the city?
Central Business District (CBD)
Which centric zone is this:
where all major businesses (banks, stores) were initially located?
Central Business District (CBD)
Which centric zone is this:
the area directly surrounding the CBD
Zone in transition (ZIT)
Which centric zone is this:
often contains an industrial/factory district
Zone in transition (ZIT)
Which centric zone is this:
contains decaying buildings and other physical structures that are on the verge on demolition or implosion
Zone in transition (ZIT)
Which centric zone is this:
the slum area of the city with many poor people
Zone in transition (ZIT)
Why do slums develop, in the Zone in transition (ZIT)?
(1) the rent is cheap
(2) they minimize their travel time to work in the CBD and industrial area by living close to it
Which centric zone is this:
is a natural area for crime and other types of deviance
Zone In Transition (ZIT)
Why is the Zone In Transition (ZIT) a natural area for crime and other types of deviance?
(1) it’s so close to the CBD where all expensive goods, financial business, and rich people are working
(2) the ZIT is where most socially disadvantaged individuals live and where police only loosely patrol the outside boundaries of these areas
(3) the ZIT is characterized by social disorganization, the type of social conditions that are often thought to be associated with crime
What is multiple unit dwellings (MUD)?
an area of multiple unit dwelling and large apartment complexes
________ _____ ________ (_____) is also also known as “workingmen’s homes”.
Multiple unit dwellings (MUD)
Multiple unit dwellings (MUD) is also also known as “___________ ________”.
“workingmen’s homes”
What is single unit dwellings (SUD)?
an area of single unit dwellings and middle class single homes
Single unit dwellings (SUD) is also known as “__________ ______”.
residential zone
______ _____ _________ (____) is also known as “residential zone”.
Single unit dwellings (SUD)
“_________ ______” (___) is also known as “estate lot housing”.
Commuter Zone (CZ)
“Commuter Zone” (CZ) is also known as “________ ____ ________”.
“estate lot housing”
What are the several crime patterns identified by the early Chicago sociologists and ecologists between the 1920s and 1940s, that are still relevant?
(1) crime was highest in the ZIT anddecreased as you moved outward to the other zones of the city
(2) the distribution of crime across areas of the city are similar to the distribution of other social problems in thesegeographical areas
(3) particular areas of cities (ZIT areas) remain“hot spots” for crime regardless of thethink/racial profile of the residents
