Chapter 13: Psychological Theories Pt. 2

Question 1

What are the three types of learning theories?

Answer 1

(1) Classical Conditioning
(2) Operant Conditioning
(3) Social Learning

Question 2

Is this classical or operant conditioning: focuses on how a particular response can be conditioned when it is paired with an otherwise neutral stimulus

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning

Question 3

What are some examples of Classical Conditioning?

Answer 3

(1) Pavlov’s dog experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate whenever they heard a bell
(2) a drug addicts seeing drugs makes them crave them more.

Question 4

How does a response to a neutral stimulus occur?

Answer 4

any neutral stimulus may ultimately elicit a conditioned physiological response as long as it has been consistently paired with another stimulus that previously triggered that same response

Question 5

Who created Operant Conditioning?

Answer 5

B.F. Skinner

Question 6

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 6

organisms learn to act upon their environment by associating rewards and punishments with their own behavior

Question 7

According to Operant Conditioning, organisms learn to act upon their environment by associating _______ and ___________ with their own behavior.

Answer 7

rewards

punishments

Question 8

According to ________ __________, organisms learn to act upon their environment by associating rewards and punishments with their own behavior.

Answer 8

Operant Conditioning

Question 9

According to Operant Conditioning what causes persistent criminal behavior of chronic juveniles and adult offenders?

Answer 9

caused by the rewards and reinforcements they get from their deviant behavior

Question 10

Who created Social Learning?

Answer 10

Albert Bandura

Question 11

What is social learning?

Answer 11

all human behavior may be reinforced not only through actual rewards and punishments, but also vicariously through the observation of other people’s behavior and its consequences for them

Question 12

______ _______= operant conditioning + cognitive psychology.

Answer 12

Social learning

Question 13

Social learning= ________ __________+ cognitive psychology.

Answer 13

operant conditioning

Question 14

Social learning= operant conditioning + ________ ___________.

Answer 14

cognitive psychology

Question 15

Social Learning emphasizes _________ _________.

Answer 15

behavior modeling

Question 16

What constitutes as behavioral modeling?

Answer 16

(1) familial influences
(2) subcultural experiences from living in particular socio-economic environments
(3) symbolic models like the mass media that serve as sources for imitation and vicarious learning

Question 17

One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
humans have the capacity to exercise _______ over their thought processes, motivations, affect, and their own actions to produce certain

Answer 17

control

Question 18

One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
humans observe ___________ __________ throughout the life cycle in various forms

Answer 18

aggressive behavior

Question 19

One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
children acquire knowledge about the “_____ ___ ______”.

Answer 19

“rules of conduct”

Question 20

One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
whether or not __________ _________ are acted out depends on the anticipated rewards and punishments for various action plans

Answer 20

aggressive behaviors

Question 21

One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
whether or not aggressive behaviors are acted out depends on the anticipated ________ and ____________ for various action plans

Answer 21

rewards

punishments

Question 22

One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
children develop a more elaborate sense of the _____ ___ ________ _______ prescribed by society and tend to incorporate theses rules as guides for their own behavior

Answer 22

rules of aggressive conduct

Question 23

One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
children develop a more elaborate sense of the rules of aggressive conduct prescribed by _______ and tend to __________ theses rules as guides for their own behavior

Answer 23

society

incorporate

Question 24

What are the “rules of conduct”?

Answer 24

observing the consequences of aggression to others

Question 25

Bandura used people’s life experiences and the concept of a cognitive “road map” to show how they influence?

Answer 25

(1) how to attack or counteract and its form (2) which person or group is the appropriate target (3) what actions by the provocateur justify or actually require aggressive retaliation (4) what situations or contexts are the ones in which aggression is either appropriate or inappropriate

Question 26

Criminogenic Traits and Other Risk Factors follows the methods of ________ _______.

Answer 26

positivist science

Question 27

Criminogenic Traits and Other Risk Factors uses __________ ________ across different groups.

Answer 27

comparative research

Question 28

What are the strongest psychological correlations to criminal behavior?

Answer 28

-impulsivity -high sensation seeking -high psychotics -learning disabilities attention deficiency and hyperactivity (ADH) -low empathy -negative affectivity -low delayed gratification

Question 29

What is a criminal psychopath?

Answer 29

people who are viewed as aggressive, dangerous, and anti-social individuals who act in a callous manner and exhibit several basic personality characteristics

Question 30

The existence of a “criminal personality” has been advanced by who?

Answer 30

Stanton Samenow and Samuel Yochelson

Question 31

What did Samenow and Yochelson’s advancement of the “criminal personality” suggest?

Answer 31

that this criminal personality is primarily inherited and consists of individuals who are aggressive, “blood thirsty”, angry, thrill-seekers that don’t trust anyone

Question 32

Does the “criminal personality” exist?

Answer 32

There is no evidence that a criminal personality exists

Question 33

Why are psychological theories popular theories of crime causation?

Answer 33

(1) focuses on the etiology of crime and the use of these theories has lead to the development of a wide list of “risk factors” for criminal behavior  (2) most useful as explanations of the behavior of deeply disturbed, impulsive, and destructive people

Question 34

Which type of psychological theory is especially relevant to the study of criminality?

Answer 34

social learning

Question 35

What are the major limitations of psychological theories?

Answer 35

(1) these stories as a group are unable to explain or account for the epidemiology of crime (2) psychological tests that identify particular personality traits that are presumably risk factors form criminal behavior are often not very predictive of one's future criminal behavior

Question 36

What are the different types of pathways to adult criminality?

Answer 36

persisters and desisters

Question 37

Theories of _______ ______ explain the “age-crime curve”.

Answer 37

impulse control

Question 38

Theories of impulse control explain the “____-_____ _____".

Answer 38

"age-crime curve"

Question 39

What is the “age-crime curve”?

Answer 39

people growing out of crime

Question 40

Are most juveniles desisters or persisters?

Answer 40

most juveniles are desisters

Question 41

What percentage of juveniles become persisters?

Answer 41

about 5%

Question 42

What are the characteristics of adult persisters?

Answer 42

- early stages of developmental disabilities - early delinquency, start crime early - nutrition and prenatal laking