Chapter 13: Psychological Theories Pt. 2 Flashcards
What are the three types of learning theories?
(1) Classical Conditioning
(2) Operant Conditioning
(3) Social Learning
Is this classical or operant conditioning: focuses on how a particular response can be conditioned when it is paired with an otherwise neutral stimulus
Classical Conditioning
What are some examples of Classical Conditioning?
(1) Pavlov’s dog experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate whenever they heard a bell
(2) a drug addicts seeing drugs makes them crave them more.
How does a response to a neutral stimulus occur?
any neutral stimulus may ultimately elicit a conditioned physiological response as long as it has been consistently paired with another stimulus that previously triggered that same response
Who created Operant Conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What is Operant Conditioning?
organisms learn to act upon their environment by associating rewards and punishments with their own behavior
According to Operant Conditioning, organisms learn to act upon their environment by associating _______ and ___________ with their own behavior.
rewards
punishments
According to ________ __________, organisms learn to act upon their environment by associating rewards and punishments with their own behavior.
Operant Conditioning
According to Operant Conditioning what causes persistent criminal behavior of chronic juveniles and adult offenders?
caused by the rewards and reinforcements they get from their deviant behavior
Who created Social Learning?
Albert Bandura
What is social learning?
all human behavior may be reinforced not only through actual rewards and punishments, but also vicariously through the observation of other people’s behavior and its consequences for them
______ _______= operant conditioning + cognitive psychology.
Social learning
Social learning= ________ __________+ cognitive psychology.
operant conditioning
Social learning= operant conditioning + ________ ___________.
cognitive psychology
Social Learning emphasizes _________ _________.
behavior modeling
What constitutes as behavioral modeling?
(1) familial influences
(2) subcultural experiences from living in particular socio-economic environments
(3) symbolic models like the mass media that serve as sources for imitation and vicarious learning
One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
humans have the capacity to exercise _______ over their thought processes, motivations, affect, and their own actions to produce certain
control
One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
humans observe ___________ __________ throughout the life cycle in various forms
aggressive behavior
One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
children acquire knowledge about the “_____ ___ ______”.
“rules of conduct”
One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
whether or not __________ _________ are acted out depends on the anticipated rewards and punishments for various action plans
aggressive behaviors
One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
whether or not aggressive behaviors are acted out depends on the anticipated ________ and ____________ for various action plans
rewards
punishments
One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
children develop a more elaborate sense of the _____ ___ ________ _______ prescribed by society and tend to incorporate theses rules as guides for their own behavior
rules of aggressive conduct
One of Bandura’s basic ideas about social learning and social cognition when it comes to understanding criminal behavior:
children develop a more elaborate sense of the rules of aggressive conduct prescribed by _______ and tend to __________ theses rules as guides for their own behavior
society
incorporate
What are the “rules of conduct”?
observing the consequences of aggression to others
Bandura used people’s life experiences and the concept of a cognitive “road map” to show how they influence?
(1) how to attack or counteract and its form
(2) which person or group is the appropriate target
(3) what actions by the provocateur justify or actually require aggressive retaliation
(4) what situations or contexts are the ones in which aggression is either appropriate or inappropriate
Criminogenic Traits and Other Risk Factors follows the methods of ________ _______.
positivist science
Criminogenic Traits and Other Risk Factors uses __________ ________ across different groups.
comparative research
What are the strongest psychological correlations to criminal behavior?
-impulsivity
-high sensation seeking
-high psychotics
-learning disabilities
attention deficiency and hyperactivity (ADH)
-low empathy
-negative affectivity
-low delayed gratification
What is a criminal psychopath?
people who are viewed as aggressive, dangerous, and anti-social individuals who act in a callous manner and exhibit several basic personality characteristics
The existence of a “criminal personality” has been advanced by who?
Stanton Samenow and Samuel Yochelson
What did Samenow and Yochelson’s advancement of the “criminal personality” suggest?
that this criminal personality is primarily inherited and consists of individuals who are aggressive, “blood thirsty”, angry, thrill-seekers that don’t trust anyone
Does the “criminal personality” exist?
There is no evidence that a criminal personality exists
Why are psychological theories popular theories of crime causation?
(1) focuses on the etiology of crime and the use of these theories has lead to the development of a wide list of “risk factors” for criminal behavior
(2) most useful as explanations of the behavior of deeply disturbed, impulsive, and destructive people
Which type of psychological theory is especially relevant to the study of criminality?
social learning
What are the major limitations of psychological theories?
(1) these stories as a group are unable to explain or account for the epidemiology of crime
(2) psychological tests that identify particular personality traits that are presumably risk factors form criminal behavior are often not very predictive of one’s future criminal behavior
What are the different types of pathways to adult criminality?
persisters and desisters
Theories of _______ ______ explain the “age-crime curve”.
impulse control
Theories of impulse control explain the “____-_____ _____”.
“age-crime curve”
What is the “age-crime curve”?
people growing out of crime
Are most juveniles desisters or persisters?
most juveniles are desisters
What percentage of juveniles become persisters?
about 5%
What are the characteristics of adult persisters?
- early stages of developmental disabilities
- early delinquency, start crime early
- nutrition and prenatal laking
