Chapter 18: Crime Typologies Part 2

Question 1

What are multi-trait typologies based on?

Answer 1

The Behavioral Systems Approach

Question 2

Who created the Behavioral Systems Approach?

Answer 2

Marshall Clinard and Richard Quinney

Question 3

What are the 5 different dimensions traits for the multi-trait typology?

Answer 3

(1) legal aspects (of selected offenses)
(2) criminal career (of the offender)
(3) group support (for criminal behavior)
(4) correspondence (between criminal and legitimate behavior)
(5) societal reaction (and legal processing)

Question 4

What are the behavioral systems in this typology?

Answer 4

(1) Violent Personal Criminal Behavior
(2) Conventional Criminal Behavior
(3) Occupational Criminal Behavior
(4) Corporate Criminal Behavior
(5) Organized Criminal Behavior
(6) Occasional Property Criminal Behavior
(7) Public-Order Criminal Behavior
(8) Political Criminal Behavior
(9) Professional Criminal Behavior

Question 5

What type of acts are involved in, violent personal criminal behavior, system?

Answer 5

homicide, assault, and rape

Question 6

What are the characteristics of offenders in this type of behavioral system?

Answer 6

• they don’t perceive themselves as being “criminal”
• they do not typically have an extensive criminal record
• murderers and rapists are the least likely types of criminals to be repeat offenders

Question 7

Why is there little to no group support for crimes in the, violent personal criminal behavior, system?

Answer 7

they are driven by person motives

Question 8

How does the “subculture of violence” and the “Code of the street” explain this type of behavior in the ,violent criminal behavior, system?

Answer 8

suggest that there is some subcultural support for pro-violent norms and behavior within some social groups and geographical areas

Question 9

Which type of behavioral system elicits the most sever societal reaction?

Answer 9

Violent Personal Criminal Behavior

Question 10

What type of acts are involved in the, Conventional Criminal Behavior, System?

Answer 10

theft/larceny from the person, a residential or nonresidential structure, or from a business/commercial establishment

Question 11

What are the characteristics of offenders in the, Conventional Criminal Behavior, system?

Answer 11

• have long histories of criminal activity that begin in early adolescence
• medium to high level of a criminal self-concept

Question 12

What level of group support does, Conventional Criminal Behavior, system have?

Answer 12

ranges from medium to high, is often encouraged and socially facilitated by their peers/companions/associates

Question 13

Why is there a moderate level of correspondence between this illegal behavior and conventional behavior, in, Conventional Criminal Behavior, system?

Answer 13

(1) consistent with the goals of economic success

(2) inconsistent with the acceptable, legitimate means of achieving these goals

Question 14

According to Merton’s theory of anomie, the correspondence between illegal behavior and conventional behavior, under the, Conventional Criminal Behavior, system is known as what?

Answer 14

classic “innovators”

Question 15

How are people under the Conventional Criminal Behavior system punished?

Answer 15

first time offenders are usually given short prison sentences, while chronic or habitual offenders are given long prison sentences

Question 16

What type of offenses are found in the, Occupational Criminal Behavior, system?

Answer 16

embezzlement
expense account misuse
bribery of public officials
land/stock/security fraud

Question 17

What are the characteristics of offenders in the, Occupational Criminal Behavior, system?

Answer 17

• do not have criminal record
• do not have a criminal self-concept
• often use techniques of neutralization
• use the “buyer beware” philosophy as justification for fraud

Question 18

Why do offenders in the, Occupational Criminal Behavior, system commit crime?

Answer 18

for personal gains within the context of their work and/or occupation

Question 19

Why is there high correspondence between the conventional and criminal behavior for, Occupational Criminal Behavior, system offenders?

Answer 19

their work environment provides the physical opportunities to commit these crimes

Question 20

What level of group support does, Occupational Criminal Behavior system have, and why?

Answer 20

little to no group support, because they often work alone and victimize their own company

Question 21

How are offenders within the Occupational Criminal Behavior system punished?

Answer 21

• when caught offenders are usually handled informally within the company/business
• their criminal sentences are often lenient

Question 22

Why is criminal prosecution relatively rare in the Occupational Criminal Behavior system?

Answer 22

they typically want to keep things “in house”, within the company/business

Question 23

Who is the offender in the Corporate Criminal Behavior?

Answer 23

committed by people on behalf of their organization/businesses for purposes of supporting these organizations

Question 24

Who is the primary benefactor in the Corporate Criminal Behavior system?

Answer 24

the company or business

Question 25

What type of offenses are found in the Corporate Criminal Behavior system?

Answer 25

• the restraint of trade
• anti-trust violations
• false advertising
• manufacturing unsafe food and drugs
• environmental pollution

Question 26

What level of group support does the Corporate Criminal Behavior system have?

Answer 26

strong organizational support

Question 27

How are people under the Corporate Criminal Behavior system punished?

Answer 27

criminal prosecutions are rare

if caught, they are typically resolved through administrative sanctions

Question 28

Under the Corporate Criminal Behavior system, their _______ activity is closely tied to their legitimate business activities and it is often viewed as reflecting “sharp” business practices rather than criminal behavior.

Answer 28

illegal

Question 29

Under the Corporate Criminal Behavior system, their illegal activity is closely tied to their __________ __________ activities and it is often viewed as reflecting “sharp” business practices rather than criminal behavior.

Answer 29

legitimate business

Question 30

Under the Corporate Criminal Behavior system, their illegal activity is closely tied to their legitimate business activities and it is often viewed as reflecting “______” business practices rather than criminal behavior.

Answer 30

“sharp”

Question 31

Under the Corporate Criminal Behavior system, their illegal activity is closely tied to their legitimate business activities and it is often viewed as reflecting “sharp” business practices rather than ________ ________.

Answer 31

criminal behavior

Question 32

What is organized crime?

Answer 32

crimes conducted within the context of organized crime syndicates

Question 33

What type of offenses are found in the, Organized Criminal Behavior, system?

Answer 33

drug trafficking 
loan sharking 
off-track betting 
money laundering
racketeering

Question 34

What are offenders’ motivations in the, Organized Criminal Behavior, system?

Answer 34

crime is often a livelihood and there is a progression into crime through time

Question 35

What is the societal reaction in the, Organized Criminal Behavior, system?

Answer 35

the societal reaction to organized crime is somewhat moderate